A Novel Integrated UWB Sensing and 8-Element MIMO Communication Cognitive Radio Antenna System
<p>Geometry of the 25-port CR MIMO antenna. (<b>a</b>) Structure of the antenna. (<b>b</b>) Top view. (<b>c</b>) Back view.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Schematic of the antenna linked with port 1.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Evolution of antenna linked with port 1.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Evolution of the antenna linked with port 1.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Schematic of the antennas linked with P2 to P9.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Evolution of the antennas linked with P2 to P9.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Reflection coefficients of the antennas in intermediate steps of the antenna linked with port 2.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Reflection coefficients of the antenna linked with port 2 for different values of ln1.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Schematic of the antennas linked with P10 to P17.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Evolution of the antennas linked with P10 to P17.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Reflection coefficients of the antennas in intermediate steps of the antenna linked with port 10.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Reflection coefficients of the antenna linked with port 10 for different values of wn2.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Schematic of the antennas linked with P18 to P24.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Evolution of the antennas linked with P18 to P24.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>Reflection coefficients of the antennas in intermediate steps of the antenna linked with port 18.</p> "> Figure 16
<p>Reflection coefficient of the antenna linked with port 10 for different values of wf3.</p> "> Figure 17
<p>Inter-elemental spacing of the 25-port CR MIMO antenna.</p> "> Figure 18
<p>Plot of (<b>a</b>) S<sub>11,</sub> (<b>b</b>) S<sub>22,</sub> (<b>c</b>) S<sub>33,</sub> (<b>d</b>) S<sub>44,</sub> (<b>e</b>) S<sub>55,</sub> (<b>f</b>) S<sub>66,</sub> (<b>g</b>) S<sub>77,</sub> (<b>h</b>) S<sub>88,</sub> (<b>i</b>) S<sub>99</sub>.</p> "> Figure 18 Cont.
<p>Plot of (<b>a</b>) S<sub>11,</sub> (<b>b</b>) S<sub>22,</sub> (<b>c</b>) S<sub>33,</sub> (<b>d</b>) S<sub>44,</sub> (<b>e</b>) S<sub>55,</sub> (<b>f</b>) S<sub>66,</sub> (<b>g</b>) S<sub>77,</sub> (<b>h</b>) S<sub>88,</sub> (<b>i</b>) S<sub>99</sub>.</p> "> Figure 19
<p>Plot of (<b>a</b>) S<sub>10 10,</sub> (<b>b</b>) S<sub>11 11,</sub> (<b>c</b>) S<sub>12 12,</sub> (<b>d</b>) S<sub>13 13,</sub> (<b>e</b>) S<sub>14 14,</sub> (<b>f</b>) S<sub>15 15,</sub> (<b>g</b>) S<sub>16 16,</sub> (<b>h</b>) S<sub>17 17</sub>.</p> "> Figure 20
<p>Plot of (<b>a</b>) S<sub>18 18,</sub> (<b>b</b>) S<sub>19 19,</sub> (<b>c</b>) S<sub>20 20,</sub> (<b>d</b>) S<sub>21 21,</sub> (<b>e</b>) S<sub>22 22,</sub> (<b>f</b>) S<sub>23 23,</sub> (<b>g</b>) S<sub>24 24,</sub> (<b>h</b>) S<sub>25 25</sub>.</p> "> Figure 20 Cont.
<p>Plot of (<b>a</b>) S<sub>18 18,</sub> (<b>b</b>) S<sub>19 19,</sub> (<b>c</b>) S<sub>20 20,</sub> (<b>d</b>) S<sub>21 21,</sub> (<b>e</b>) S<sub>22 22,</sub> (<b>f</b>) S<sub>23 23,</sub> (<b>g</b>) S<sub>24 24,</sub> (<b>h</b>) S<sub>25 25</sub>.</p> "> Figure 21
<p>Mutual coupling between sensing and communication antennas (<b>a</b>) S<sub>21</sub>, S<sub>31,</sub> and S<sub>41</sub> (<b>b</b>) S<sub>10 1</sub>, S<sub>11 1</sub>, S<sub>12 1</sub>, and S<sub>18 1</sub>.</p> "> Figure 22
<p>Mutual coupling between identical communication antennas (<b>a</b>) S<sub>29</sub>, S<sub>34,</sub> S<sub>45</sub>, and S<sub>56</sub> (<b>b</b>) S<sub>67</sub>, S<sub>78</sub>, S<sub>89</sub>, and S<sub>10 11</sub> (<b>c</b>) S<sub>13 14</sub>, S<sub>19 20</sub>, S<sub>21 22</sub>, and S<sub>23 24</sub>.</p> "> Figure 22 Cont.
<p>Mutual coupling between identical communication antennas (<b>a</b>) S<sub>29</sub>, S<sub>34,</sub> S<sub>45</sub>, and S<sub>56</sub> (<b>b</b>) S<sub>67</sub>, S<sub>78</sub>, S<sub>89</sub>, and S<sub>10 11</sub> (<b>c</b>) S<sub>13 14</sub>, S<sub>19 20</sub>, S<sub>21 22</sub>, and S<sub>23 24</sub>.</p> "> Figure 23
<p>Mutual coupling between non-identical communication antennas. (<b>a</b>) S<sub>2 10</sub>, S<sub>12 18,</sub> S<sub>3 12</sub>, and S<sub>4 13</sub> (<b>b</b>) S<sub>5 14</sub>, S<sub>5 19</sub>, S<sub>15 20</sub>, and S<sub>6 15</sub> (<b>c</b>) S<sub>21 6</sub>, S<sub>7 22</sub>, S<sub>7 16</sub>, and S<sub>16 23</sub> (<b>d</b>) S<sub>24 8</sub>, S<sub>8 25</sub>, S<sub>17 25</sub>, and S<sub>9 17</sub>.</p> "> Figure 24
<p>Far-field patterns of the sensing antenna in orthogonal planes at (<b>a</b>) 2.5 GHz (XZ), (<b>b</b>) 2.5 GHz (YZ), (<b>c</b>) 5 GHz (XZ), (<b>d</b>) 5 GHz (YZ), (<b>e</b>) 7.5 GHz (XZ), (<b>f</b>) 7.5 GHz (YZ), (<b>g</b>) 10 GHz (XZ), (<b>h</b>) 10 GHz (YZ).</p> "> Figure 25
<p>Far-field patterns of the communication antenna linked with port 2 at (<b>a</b>) 3 GHz (XZ) and (<b>b</b>) 3 GHz (YZ).</p> "> Figure 26
<p>Patterns of the communication antenna linked with port 10 at 6 GHz in (<b>a</b>) XZ and (<b>b</b>) YZ.</p> "> Figure 27
<p>Far-field patterns of the communication antenna linked with port 18 at (<b>a</b>) 9 GHz (XZ) and (<b>b</b>) 9 GHz (YZ).</p> "> Figure 28
<p>Radiation efficiency of the sensing antenna.</p> "> Figure 29
<p>Peak gain of the sensing antenna.</p> "> Figure 30
<p>Radiation efficiencies of the communication antennas.</p> "> Figure 31
<p>Peak gains of the communication antennas.</p> "> Figure 32
<p>Fabricated prototype of the 25-port CR MIMO antenna. (<b>a</b>) Top view. (<b>b</b>) Bottom view.</p> "> Figure 33
<p>ECC and DG of the 25-port CR MIMO antenna. (<b>a</b>) ECC 29, ECC 34, ECC 10 11 and ECC 19 20(<b>b</b>) ECC 45, ECC 56, ECC 13 14 and ECC 21 22 (<b>c</b>) ECC 67, ECC 78, ECC 89 and ECC 23 24 (<b>d</b>) DG 29, DG 34, DG 10 11 and DG 19 20 (<b>e</b>) DG 45, DG 56, DG 13 14 and DG 21 22 (<b>f</b>) DG 67, DG 78, DG 89 and DG 23 24.</p> "> Figure 34
<p>CCL of the 25-port CR MIMO antenna. (<b>a</b>) CCL 29, CCL 34, CCL 10 11 and CCL 19 20 (<b>b</b>) CCL 45, CC 56, CCL 13 14 and CCL 21 22 (<b>c</b>) CCL 67, CCL 78, CCL 89 and CCL 23 24.</p> "> Figure 35
<p>TARC of the 8-element communication antennas associated with (<b>a</b>) ports 2 to 9, (<b>b</b>) ports 10 to 17, and (<b>c</b>) ports 18 to 25.</p> "> Figure 36
<p>MEG of the 8-element communication antennas associated with (<b>a</b>) ports 2 to 9, (<b>b</b>) ports 10 to 17, and (<b>c</b>) ports 18 to 25.</p> "> Figure 36 Cont.
<p>MEG of the 8-element communication antennas associated with (<b>a</b>) ports 2 to 9, (<b>b</b>) ports 10 to 17, and (<b>c</b>) ports 18 to 25.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Twenty-Five Port CR Integrated Antenna System
3. Design Process of the Sensing Antenna Linked with Port 1
4. Design Process of the Communication Antennas Linked with P2 to P9
5. Design Process of the Communication Antennas Linked with P10 to P17
6. Design Process of the Communication Antennas Linked with P18 to P24
7. Results and Discussions
8. Performance Analysis of the 25-port CR MIMO Antenna
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Antenna | Usage | 10 dB Return Loss Bandwidth |
---|---|---|
Ant (P1) | Sensing | 2–12 GHz |
Ant (P2) to Ant (P9) | Communication | 2.17–4.74 GHz |
Ant (P10) to Ant (P17) | Communication | 4.57–8.62 GHz |
Ant (P18) to Ant (P25) | Communication | 8.62–12 GHz |
Parameter | Dimension (mm) | Parameter | Dimension (mm) |
---|---|---|---|
R1 | 8.78 | l1 | 22.5 |
R2 | 5.28 | w1 | 14 |
R3 | 4 | lg1 | 16 |
p1 | 1.16 | wg1 | 16 |
lg | 5 | ln1 | 5.5 |
wg | 18.98 | wn1 | 1 |
wf | 3 | p2 | 2.5 |
ln | 1.57 | lw1 | 13 |
wn | 4.5 | wf1 | 3 |
p4 | 0.2 | l2 | 11.5 |
wf3 | 3.2 | w2 | 9.5 |
W | 160 | L | 160 |
lg2 | 5 | w3 | 8 |
wg2 | 10 | lm | 4 |
wf2 | 3 | wm | 12 |
wn2 | 1.1 | lg3 | 4 |
p3 | 0.95 | wg3 | 12 |
l3 | 5.8 | g1 | 1.16 |
Ref. | Size (mm2) | Range of the Sensing Antenna (GHz) | Range Covered by Communication Antennas (GHz) | Min. Isolation (dB) | n-Element MIMO Antenna | Reconfiguration Mechanism |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[1] | 50 × 100 | - | 1.42–2.27 | 12 | 2 | Varactor diodes |
[2] | 60 × 120 | - | 3.2–3.9 | 10 | 4 | Varactor diodes |
[3] | 109 × 109 | 2–5.7 | 2.5–4.2 | 15 | 4 | PIN and Varactor diodes |
[4] | 60 × 40 | 2.2–7 | 2.3–6.3 | 18 | 2 | Varactor diodes |
[5] | 100 × 120 | 2.3–5.5 | 2.5–4.2 | 15 | 4 | PIN and Varactor diodes |
[6] | 60 × 120 | 1–4.5 | 0.9–2.6 | 12.5 | 2 | PIN and Varactor diodes |
[7] | 65 × 120 | 0.72–3.44 | A few frequencies in 0.72–3.44 | 15.5 | 2 | PIN and Varactor diodes |
[8] | 52.2 × 35 | 1.7–10.6 | 5.1–5.5, 6.6–7.2 and 9.7–10.2 | 15 | 2 | - |
[9] | 50 × 110 | - | 1.73–2.28 and 2.45 | 10 | 2 | Varactor diodes |
[10] | 110 × 70 | 2.45–5.3 | 2.5–3.6 | 12 | 4 | Varactor diodes |
[11] | 152 × 126 | 2.4–6 | 5.8–6.3 | 20 | 4 | PIN diodes |
[12] | 24 × 25 | - | 2.4, 3.5, 5.25 | 25 | 2 | PIN diodes |
This work | 160 × 160 | 2–12 | All frequencies in 2.17–12 | 12 | 8 | - |
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Srikar, D.; Nella, A.; Mamidi, R.; Babu, A.; Das, S.; Lavadiya, S.; Algarni, A.D.; El-Shafai, W. A Novel Integrated UWB Sensing and 8-Element MIMO Communication Cognitive Radio Antenna System. Electronics 2023, 12, 330. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12020330
Srikar D, Nella A, Mamidi R, Babu A, Das S, Lavadiya S, Algarni AD, El-Shafai W. A Novel Integrated UWB Sensing and 8-Element MIMO Communication Cognitive Radio Antenna System. Electronics. 2023; 12(2):330. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12020330
Chicago/Turabian StyleSrikar, D, Anveshkumar Nella, Ranjith Mamidi, Ashok Babu, Sudipta Das, Sunil Lavadiya, Abeer D. Algarni, and Walid El-Shafai. 2023. "A Novel Integrated UWB Sensing and 8-Element MIMO Communication Cognitive Radio Antenna System" Electronics 12, no. 2: 330. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12020330