Study of the Performance of Emulsified Asphalt Shotcrete in High-Altitude Permafrost Regions
<p>XRD patterns of the cement: (<b>a</b>) Portland cement; (<b>b</b>) calcium aluminate cement.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Optical microscope photograph of low-freezing-point emulsified asphalt.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Constant-temperature and constant-humidity environment test chamber.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Shotcrete hydration temperature rise test. (<b>a</b>) experimental design; and (<b>b</b>) experimental process.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Split tensile test. (<b>a</b>) experimental design; and (<b>b</b>) experimental process.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Principle of the concrete spraying test.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Concrete spraying test process: (<b>a</b>) the spraying process; (<b>b</b>) the large-plate after spraying was carried out.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Thermal disturbance of permafrost by EASC: (<b>a</b>) at the interface and (<b>b</b>) at a depth of 3 cm in frozen soil.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>EASC bond strength.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>EASC rebound rate test results.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>EASC mechanical strength: (<b>a</b>) compressive strength; (<b>b</b>) flexural strength; and (<b>c</b>) flexural/compressive ratio.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>EASC electric flux test results.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>EASC freeze–thaw cycle test results: (<b>a</b>) mass loss rate and (<b>b</b>) relative dynamic elastic modulus.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>SEM images and energy spectrum analyses of EASC specimens: (<b>a</b>) EA-0; (<b>b</b>) EA-2.5; (<b>c</b>) EA-5; (<b>d</b>) EA-7.5; and (<b>e</b>) EA-10.</p> "> Figure 14 Cont.
<p>SEM images and energy spectrum analyses of EASC specimens: (<b>a</b>) EA-0; (<b>b</b>) EA-2.5; (<b>c</b>) EA-5; (<b>d</b>) EA-7.5; and (<b>e</b>) EA-10.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>MIP test results for EASC: (<b>a</b>) pore size distribution differential curve and (<b>b</b>) pore size distribution.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Negative-Temperature Shotcrete Proportioning
2.2.1. Negative-Temperature Binder Ratio
2.2.2. Shotcrete Test Ratio
2.3. Test Methods
2.3.1. Hydration Temperature Rise Test
2.3.2. Bond Strength Test
2.3.3. Rebound Rate Test
2.3.4. Mechanical Property Tests
2.3.5. Durability Performance Tests
2.3.6. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS)
2.3.7. Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Heat Transfer Performance
3.2. Bond Strength
3.3. Rebound Rate
3.4. Mechanical Properties
3.5. Durability
3.5.1. Water Penetration Resistance
3.5.2. Resistance to Chloride Penetration
3.5.3. Frost Resistance
3.6. Hole Structure Analysis
3.6.1. SEM Images
3.6.2. Pore size Distribution
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- In a negative-temperature environment, the incorporation of emulsified asphalt increased the viscosity of the concrete, which improved the bonding performance between EASC and permafrost and reduced the rebound rate. When the content of emulsified asphalt was 10%, the rebound rate of EASC was reduced to 13.8%, and the bond strength between it and permafrost was 2.11 MPa.
- (2)
- In a negative-temperature environment, the addition of sodium pyrophosphate to calcium aluminate cement accelerated the early mechanical strength development of EASC but was detrimental to its later strength development. Upon increasing the emulsified asphalt content, the mechanical strength of EASC decreased, and crack resistance gradually increased.
- (3)
- A content of emulsified asphalt less than 5% could improve the internal pore structure of EASC and reduce porosity, thus improving durability. When the content of emulsified asphalt was 5%, the durability of EASC was the best. The impermeability grade was P20, the electrical flux was 863C, the mass loss rate after 300 freeze–thaw cycles was 1%, and the relative dynamic elastic modulus decreased by 14.3%. Increasing the content of emulsified asphalt further affected the cement hydration process, thus reducing the impermeability and frost resistance of EASC.
- (4)
- When the content of emulsified asphalt exceeded 5%, the ratio of capillary pores to macropores in the EASC increased gradually when increasing the emulsified asphalt content, reducing the concrete’s durability. When the content of emulsified asphalt was 10%, the volumes of capillary pores and macropores reached 30.58% and 19.02%, respectively, of the total pore volume.
- (5)
- The results of this study show that we not only successfully reduced the rebound rate of sprayed concrete, avoided wasting raw materials, and improved the durability of sprayed concrete but also provided a theoretical basis for the use of wet sprayed concrete in permafrost areas in China’s plateau regions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Cement | Mass fraction (wt.%) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | CaO | Al2O3 | SO3 | MgO | Fe2O3 | KO2 | Na2O | TiO2 | LOI | |
Portland cement | 21.50 | 64.20 | 4.14 | 2.89 | 2.57 | 2.40 | 0.84 | 0.67 | 0.32 | 0.40 |
Calcium aluminate cement | 0.68 | 26.80 | 71.30 | 0.04 | 0.46 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.37 | 0.01 | 0.70 |
Technical Parameters | Test Index | |
---|---|---|
Demulsification speed | Rapid setting | |
Angler viscosity (Tested at 25 °C) | 8 | |
Properties of evaporation residue | Penetration at 25 °C (0.1 mm) | 66.7 |
Softening point (°C) | 54.0 | |
Ductility at 15 °C (cm) | >150 |
Groups | Cement | Emulsified Asphalt | Fine Aggregate | Coarse Aggregate | Water | Water Reducer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EA-0 | 480 | -- | 858 | 858 | 192 | 6 |
EA-2.5 | 474 | 12 | 858 | 858 | 186 | 5 |
EA-5 | 468 | 24 | 858 | 858 | 180 | 4 |
EA-7.5 | 462 | 36 | 858 | 858 | 174 | 3 |
EA-10 | 456 | 48 | 858 | 858 | 168 | 2 |
Grouping | EA-0 | EA-2.5 | EA-5 | EA-7.5 | EA-10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Impermeability rating | P12 | P16 | P20 | P8 | P6 |
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Hou, Y.; Niu, K.; Tian, B.; Li, X.; Chen, J. Study of the Performance of Emulsified Asphalt Shotcrete in High-Altitude Permafrost Regions. Coatings 2024, 14, 692. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14060692
Hou Y, Niu K, Tian B, Li X, Chen J. Study of the Performance of Emulsified Asphalt Shotcrete in High-Altitude Permafrost Regions. Coatings. 2024; 14(6):692. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14060692
Chicago/Turabian StyleHou, Yitong, Kaimin Niu, Bo Tian, Xueyang Li, and Junli Chen. 2024. "Study of the Performance of Emulsified Asphalt Shotcrete in High-Altitude Permafrost Regions" Coatings 14, no. 6: 692. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14060692