Who Is Afraid of Monkeypox? Analysis of Psychosocial Factors Associated with the First Reactions of Fear of Monkeypox in the Italian Population
<p>Path diagram partial mediation model of epistemic credulity and religiousness on monkeypox fear. Note: * = <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05; ** = <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01; *** = <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001. Observed variables and residual errors are omitted for simplicity. A significant covariance path (r = −0.407 <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001) was draw between errors of Media amplifications and Number Doses COVID-19 Vaccine to increase the model fit.</p> "> Figure A1
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Abstract
:1. Introduction
Aims
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedures
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Ad Hoc Quality of Life COVID-19-Related Measure Used for the Study with Factor Loadings
ITEMS | Current Perceived QoL | Worsening QoL Attributed to the COVID-19 Pandemic |
1. How do you evaluate your current physical health? | 0.569 | 0.010 |
2. How do you evaluate your current state of psychological well-being? | 0.676 | −0.164 |
3. How do you evaluate your current social life? | 0.759 | −0.127 |
4. How do you evaluate your current emotional life? | 0.835 | −0.113 |
5. How do you evaluate your current sex life? | 0.770 | −0.121 |
6. How much do you think the COVID-19 pandemic and its social effects (such as lockdowns and other restrictions) have NEGATIVELY INFLUENCED your current physical health? | −0.022 | 0.691 |
7. How much do you think the COVID-19 pandemic and its social effects (such as lockdowns and other restrictions) have NEGATIVELY INFLUENCED your current state of psychological well-being? | 0.022 | 0.765 |
8. How much do you think the COVID-19 pandemic and its social effects (such as lockdowns and other restrictions) have NEGATIVELY INFLUENCED your current social life? | −0.087 | 0.815 |
9. How much do you think the COVID-19 pandemic and its social effects (such as lockdowns and other restrictions) have NEGATIVELY INFLUENCED your current emotional life? | −0.253 | 0.805 |
10. How much do you think the COVID-19 pandemic and its social effects (such as lockdowns and other restrictions) have NEGATIVELY INFLUENCED your current sex life? | −0.257 | 0.698 |
Appendix B. Visual Item on Different Distances between the Respondent and the LGBTQI+ Community Used to Evaluate the Perceived Closeness between the Person and the LGBTQI+ Community
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Variables | Participants (n = 333) | |
---|---|---|
M ± ds (min-max) | ||
Age | 31.71 ± 11.14 (18-71) Q3–Q1: 22–40 | |
n (%) | ||
Sex assign at birth | Female | 217 (65.17) |
Male | 116 (34.83) | |
Gender | Female | 212 (63.66) |
Male | 110 (33.03) | |
Transgender | 1 (0.3) | |
Non-binary spectrum | 4 (1.2) | |
Currently exploring gender identity | 6 (1.8) | |
Sexual Orientation | Heterosexual | 237 (71.17) |
Bisexual | 31 (9.31) | |
Homosexual | 50 (15.02) | |
Pansexual | 11 (3.3) | |
Asexual | 4 (1.2) | |
Marital Status | Unmarried | 269 (80.78) |
Married | 53 (15.92) | |
Separated | 10 (3) | |
Widowed | 1 (0.3) | |
Relational Status | Single | 162 (48.65) |
Couple | 160 (48.05) | |
Polyamory | 11 (3.3) | |
Education Level | Middle School | 16 (4.8) |
High School | 140 (42.04) | |
University | 131 (39.34) | |
PhD and Postgrads courses | 46 (13.81) | |
Work Status | Unemployed | 32 (9.61) |
Employed | 179 (53.75) | |
Student | 120 (36.04) | |
Retired | 2 (0.6) |
Variables | Participants (n = 333) | |
---|---|---|
M ± ds (min-max) | ||
Monkeypox knowledge | 3.04 ± 1.1 (0–5) Q3–Q1: 2–4 | |
Fear about Monkeypox (Total Score) | 3.54 ± 2.42 (0–15) Q3–Q1: 2–5 | |
n (%) | ||
Where did you mainly acquire your knowledge about monkeypox? | From the news and newspapers | 109 (32.73) |
From social media | 80 (24.02) | |
From friends, relatives, and colleagues | 18 (5.41) | |
I have searched info on internet | 86 (25.83) | |
Books and other scientific fonts | 20 (6.01) | |
I have not received any information about monkeypox | 20 (6.01) | |
How scared do you feel about monkeypox? | Not at all | 82 (24.62) |
Little | 141 (42.34) | |
Moderately | 75 (22.52) | |
Quite | 25 (7.51) | |
Very | 6 (1.8) | |
Very much | 4 (1.2) | |
How much do you feel at risk of contracting monkeypox? | Not at all | 92 (27.63) |
Little | 164 (49.25) | |
Moderately | 61 (18.31) | |
Quite | 9 (2.7) | |
Very | 3 (0.9) | |
Very much | 4 (1.2) | |
How far do you think monkeypox could spread so far as to become a pandemic (as happened with COVID-19)? | Not at all | 70 (21.02) |
Little | 151 (45.35) | |
Moderately | 80 (24.02) | |
Quite | 20 (6.01) | |
Very | 7 (2.1) | |
Very much | 5 (1.5) | |
How much do you think monkeypox is a hoax or fake news? | Not at all | 206 (61.86) |
Little | 75 (22.52) | |
Moderately | 23 (6.91) | |
Quite | 10 (3) | |
Very | 7 (2.1) | |
Very much | 12 (3.6) | |
How much do you think the media are amplifying or exaggerating the danger of monkeypox? | Not at all | 39 (11.71) |
Little | 68 (20.42) | |
Moderately | 91 (27.33) | |
Quite | 72 (21.62) | |
Very | 28 (8.4) | |
Very much | 35 (10.51) | |
Number of times COVID-19 has been contracted | Never | 151 (45.34) |
Once | 158 (47.45) | |
Twice | 24 (7.21) | |
Number of doses of anti-COVID-19 vaccine administered | Zero | 34 (10.21) |
One | 2 (0.6) | |
Two | 46 (13.81) | |
Three | 247 (74.17) | |
Four | 4 (1.2) | |
How much do you feel in agreement with the NO-VAX positions expressed during the COVID-19 pandemic? | Totally agree | 53 (15.92) |
Partially agree | 36 (10.81) | |
Neither in agreement nor disagreement | 25 (7.51) | |
Partially disagree | 30 (9.01) | |
Totally disagree | 189 (56.76) |
1.1 Demographics such as age, gender, sexual orientation, and relationship status (R2 = 0.045; F = 2.973; p = 0.012) | |||
B | SE | β | |
Age | −0.016 | 0.013 | −0.073 |
Gender (Female = 0/Male = 1) | −0.269 | 0.328 | −0.052 |
Sexual orientation (Heterosexual = 0/LGB+ = 1) | 0.772 | 0.326 | 0.141 * |
Being in a relationship (No = 0/Yes = 1) | −0.628 | 0.243 | −0.144 ** |
1.2 Socioeconomic variables (R2 = 0.022; F = 1.825; p = 0.124) | |||
B | SE | β | |
Education level | −0.367 | 0.175 | −0.120 * |
Socioeconomic status | −0.137 | 0.161 | −0.048 |
Residence area (From metropolis to rural area) | −0.160 | 0.112 | −0.081 |
1.3 Political and religious orientation (R2 = 0.069; F = 4.522; p = 0.002) | |||
B | SE | β | |
Political Conservativisms (Right winged) | −0.192 | 0.146 | −0.085 |
Religious Education | 0.134 | 0.142 | 0.060 |
Religiousness | 0.507 | 0.135 | 0.247 *** |
2.1 Monkeypox attitudes (R2 = 0.044; F = 3.773; p = 0.005) | |||
B | SE | β | |
Monkeypox knowledge | 0.013 | 0.122 | 0.006 |
Fake news | 0.065 | 0.135 | 0.033 |
Media amplification | −0.371 | 0.108 | −0.223 *** |
2.2 COVID-19 QoL and attitudes (R2 = 0.109; F = 6.011; p = 0.000) | |||
B | SE | β | |
Current perceived QoL | −0.093 | 0.036 | −0.154 ** |
Worsening QoL attributed to COVID-19 pandemic | 0.067 | 0.029 | 0.134 * |
Had COVID-19 (no/yes) | 0.100 | 0.219 | 0.026 |
Number of COVID-19 vaccine doses made | 0.571 | 0.150 | 0.236 *** |
Agreement with No-Vax positions | 0.076 | 0.092 | 0.051 |
3.1 Epistemic trust (R2 = 0.105; F = 9.661; p = 0.000) | |||
B | SE | β | |
Trust | 0.039 | 0.025 | 0.091 |
Mistrust | 0.019 | 0.021 | 0.054 |
Credulity | 0.163 | 0.040 | 0.257 *** |
3.2 Need for closure (R2 = 0.041; F = 2.327; p = 0.033) | |||
B | SE | β | |
Order | 0.064 | 0.122 | 0.036 |
Predictability | −0.143 | 0.152 | −0.075 |
Decisiveness | 0.089 | 0.144 | 0.044 |
Ambiguity | −0.134 | 0.172 | −0.064 |
Close-mindedness | 0.518 | 0.159 | 0.225 *** |
3.3 Psychopathology (R2 = 0.112; F = 10.299; p = 0.000) | |||
B | SE | β | |
Somatization | 0.120 | 0.249 | 0.034 |
Depression | 0.164 | 0.206 | 0.056 |
Anxiety | 0.824 | 0.225 | 0.282 *** |
3.4 Mentalized Affectivity (R2 = 0.039; F = 3.367; p = 0.010) | |||
B | SE | β | |
Identifying | 0.010 | 0.027 | 0.021 |
Processing | −0.087 | 0.028 | −0.183 ** |
Expressing | 0.052 | 0.023 | 0.132 * |
4.1 LGBTQI+ attitudes (R2 = 0.043; F = 3.646; p = 0.006) | |||
B | SE | β | |
Closeness to LGBTQI+ community | 0.265 | 0.076 | 0.196 *** |
Negative attitudes towards Gay Men | 0.082 | 0.079 | 0.121 |
Negative attitudes towards Lesbians | 0.001 | 0.085 | 0.001 |
4.2 Sexual attitudes (R2 = 0.009; F = 1.527; p = 0.219) | |||
B | SE | β | |
Moralism | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.09 |
Final regression Best predictors (R2 = 0.324; F = 10.130; p = 0.000) | |||
B | SE | β | |
Step 1 | |||
Social Desirability | −0.034 | 0.055 | −0.034 |
Step 2 | |||
Social Desirability (covariate) | 0.107 | 0.051 | 0.106 * |
Sexual orientation (Heterosexual = 0/LGB+ = 1) | 0.362 | 0.278 | 0.068 |
Being in a relationship (No = 0/Yes = 1) | −0.296 | 0.217 | −0.069 |
Education level | −0.136 | 0.151 | −0.044 |
Religiousness | 0.441 | 0.111 | 0.195 *** |
Media amplifications | −0.315 | 0.082 | −0.190 *** |
Current perceived QoL | −0.061 | 0.034 | −0.100 |
Worsening QoL attributed to COVID-19 pandemic | 0.042 | 0.027 | 0.081 |
Number of COVID-19 vaccine doses made | 0.306 | 0.130 | 0.120 * |
Credulity | 0.126 | 0.034 | 0.198 *** |
Close-mindedness | 0.204 | 0.112 | 0.089 |
Anxiety | 0.572 | 0.166 | 0.196 *** |
Processing | 0.018 | 0.028 | 0.039 |
Expressing | 0.044 | 0.020 | 0.113 * |
Closeness to LGBTQI+ community | 0.090 | 0.071 | 0.066 |
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Nimbi, F.M.; Baiocco, R.; Giovanardi, G.; Tanzilli, A.; Lingiardi, V. Who Is Afraid of Monkeypox? Analysis of Psychosocial Factors Associated with the First Reactions of Fear of Monkeypox in the Italian Population. Behav. Sci. 2023, 13, 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030235
Nimbi FM, Baiocco R, Giovanardi G, Tanzilli A, Lingiardi V. Who Is Afraid of Monkeypox? Analysis of Psychosocial Factors Associated with the First Reactions of Fear of Monkeypox in the Italian Population. Behavioral Sciences. 2023; 13(3):235. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030235
Chicago/Turabian StyleNimbi, Filippo Maria, Roberto Baiocco, Guido Giovanardi, Annalisa Tanzilli, and Vittorio Lingiardi. 2023. "Who Is Afraid of Monkeypox? Analysis of Psychosocial Factors Associated with the First Reactions of Fear of Monkeypox in the Italian Population" Behavioral Sciences 13, no. 3: 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030235