Rainfall and Flooding in Coastal Tourist Areas of the Canary Islands (Spain)
<p>Location of the study areas in the islands of Tenerife and Gran Canaria, and location of the weather stations employed. (<b>a</b>). South Tenerife; (<b>b</b>). South Gran Canaria; (<b>c</b>). Southwest Gran Canaria.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Equations for the calculation of circulation weather types according to Jenkinson and Collinson [<a href="#B28-atmosphere-10-00809" class="html-bibr">28</a>] and location of grid points centred around the Canary Archipelago for the calculation of flow (SF, WF) and vorticity (ZS, ZW). Legend: WF, westerly flow; SF, southerly flow; F, total flow; ZW, westerly shear vorticity; ZS, southerly shear vorticity; Z, total shear vorticity.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Frequency of the duration of dry spells (<b>a</b>) and rainfall episodes (<b>b</b>). Source: State Meteorological Agency (Spanish initials: AEMET).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Total annual precipitation in Reina Sofía airport in the south of Tenerife (1981–2018). Q<sub>1</sub>, Q<sub>2</sub>, Q<sub>3</sub> and Q<sub>4</sub> are the values of the percentiles which divide these series into 5 equal parts and allow differentiation between very dry years (≤ Q<sub>1</sub>), dry years (> Q<sub>1</sub> and ≤ Q<sub>2</sub>), normal years (> Q<sub>2</sub> and ≤ Q<sub>3</sub>), rainy years (> Q<sub>3</sub> and ≤ Q<sub>4</sub>) and very rainy years (> Q<sub>4</sub>). Source: AEMET.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Hourly rainfall frequency in Reina Sofía airport in the south of Tenerife (1997–2018). Source: AEMET.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Graphical representation with the different functions which best fit the 24 h maximum precipitation values in the 153-Berriel (<b>a</b>) and C429I-Tenerife Sur (<b>b</b>) series.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>(<b>a</b>) Map showing the position of flooded areas in the tourist resorts of Playa de Las Américas and Los Cristianos situated in the municipalities of Arona and Adeje (Tenerife) between 1980 and 2018 and (<b>b</b>) compensations paid by the Insurance Compensation Consortium (Spanish initials: CCS) for the various losses that took place between 1996 and 2016.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>(<b>a</b>) Map showing the position of flooded areas in the tourist resorts of San Agustín, Playa del Inglés, and Maspalomas in the municipality of San Bartolomé de Tirajana (Gran Canaria) between 1980 and 2018 and (<b>b</b>) compensation payments made by the CCS for the different incidents that took place between 1996 and 2016.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>(<b>a</b>) Map showing the position of flooded areas in the tourist resorts of Puerto Rico and Amadores in the municipality of Mogán (Gran Canaria) between 1980 and 2018 and (<b>b</b>) compensation payments made by the CCS for the different losses that took place between 1996 and 2016.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Location of El Veril ravine. Images are shown of the water rerouting system that has been carried out and the proposed construction of “Siam Park” in the natural floodplain and course of the ravine.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Context and Sphere of Study
3. Data and Methodology
3.1. Statistical Analysis of the General Characteristics of the Rainfall
3.2. Identification of Episodes of Extreme Precipitation (Meteorological Records)
3.3. Classification of Circulation Weather Types during the Extreme Rainfall Episodes
- 1.
- Flow direction is obtained from tan−1 (WF/WS), (an 8-point wind rose is used, and the sign of WF and WS is taken into account).
- 2.
- If │Z│ < F then flow is essentially a pure directional type, defined according to the following directions (N, NE, E, SE, S SW, W, and NW).
- 3.
- If │Z│ > 2F then flow is a pure cyclonic type (C) if Z > 0, or anticyclonic (A) if Z < 0.
- 4.
- If F < │Z│ < 2F then flow is a hybrid type, depending on the sign of Z (rule 3) and the flow direction (rule 1) (CN, CNE, CE, CSE, CS, CSW, CW, CNW, AN, ANE, AE, ASE, AS, ASW, AW, and ANW).
- 5.
- If both F and │Z│ have a value below 6, then flow type is defined as unclassified (U).
3.4. Determination of the Distribution Functions Which Best Fit the Rainfall Data Series
3.5. Determination of the Socioeconomic and Territorial Consequences of Extreme Rainfall Episodes
4. Results
4.1. General Characteristics of the Rainfall
4.2. Identification of Extreme Rainfall Episodes and Associated Weather Types
4.3. Selection of the Distribution Function Which Best Fits the Rainfall Data
4.4. Determination of the Consequences of Extreme Precipitation Episodes
Flooding of Roads/Streets, Infrastructure, and Tourist Buildings
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Station | Island | Latitude (N) | Longitude (W) | Altitude (m) | Start | End | Complete Years |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C429I-Tenerife Sur | Tfe | 27°59′29″ | 16°41′10″ | 12 | 07/1980 | 2018 | 37 |
C418U-Adeje | Tfe | 28°06′40″ | 16°42′59″ | 266 | 04/1944 | 08/2007 | 25 |
C427A-Arona | Tfe | 28°05′51″ | 16°40′57″ | 670 | 11/1971 | 2018 | 30 |
153-Berriel | Gc | 27°47′05″ | 15°30′29″ | 15 | 09/1951 | 2018 | 67 |
155-San José de Arguineguín | Gc | 27°47′02″ | 15°40′19″ | 49 | 09/1949 | 2018 | 69 |
158-Maspalomas | Gc | 27°46′01″ | 15°34′41″ | 68 | 09/1949 | 2018 | 69 |
222-Arguineguín | Gc | 27°45′07″ | 15°40′23″ | 31 | 09/1949 | 2018 | 69 |
241-La Verga | Gc | 27°46′37″ | 15°41′28″ | 44 | 09/1949 | 2018 | 69 |
Month | Mean | Median | SD 1 | CV 2 | Monthly Max | Year | Daily Max | Year | Freq. Days/Year 3 | Max. Freq. Days/Year 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan | 14.9 | 2.3 | 25.9 | 174.2 | 135.2 | 2006 | 46.2 | 2007 | 11.3 | 13.2 |
Feb | 19.0 | 9.4 | 26.5 | 139.5 | 115 | 2005 | 61.0 | 1996 | 15.0 | 18.4 |
Mar | 12.7 | 3.8 | 21.8 | 171.7 | 101.2 | 1993 | 53.2 | 1993 | 10.6 | 10.5 |
Apr | 7.2 | 1.85 | 10.2 | 142.4 | 35.6 | 1997 | 20.4 | 1982 | 8.6 | 5.3 |
May | 0.9 | 0 | 2.0 | 226.9 | 8.4 | 2004 | 6.8 | 2006 | 2.7 | 0.0 |
Jun | 0.1 | 0 | 0.3 | 416.0 | 1.9 | 1993 | 1.0 | 1993 | 0.7 | 0.0 |
Jul | 0.0 | 0 | 0.2 | 616.4 | 1.5 | 1983 | 1.5 | 1982 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
Aug | 1.2 | 0 | 5.2 | 428.8 | 31 | 2005 | 18.5 | 2005 | 1.3 | 0.0 |
Sep | 3.0 | 0.2 | 5.2 | 173.2 | 19.2 | 1990 | 13.7 | 1990 | 5.0 | 0.0 |
Oct | 13.3 | 6.4 | 17.9 | 134.6 | 65.4 | 2006 | 47.0 | 1989 | 13.0 | 10.5 |
Nov | 22.5 | 6.3 | 40.7 | 180.4 | 212.8 | 1983 | 136.0 | 1983 | 13.2 | 21.1 |
Dec | 28.8 | 11.5 | 40.8 | 141.6 | 176.7 | 2013 | 109.0 | 2013 | 18.5 | 21.1 |
Year | 123.6 | 101.1 | 78.3 | 63.3 | 348.2 | 2006 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Series | Percentile 99 | Series | Percentile 99 |
---|---|---|---|
C429I-Tenerife-Sur | 47.1 | 155-San José de Arguineguín | 58.7 |
C418U-Adeje | 78.8 | 158-Maspalomas | 50.0 |
C427A-Arona | 65.1 | 222-Arguineguín | 50.7 |
153-Berriel | 58.2 | 241-La Verga | 56.6 |
No. | Date | Tenerife | Gran Canaria | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C429I | C418U | C427A | 153 | 155 | 158 | 222 | 241 | J&C | ||
1 | 28/11/1949 | N/A | 89.0 | N/A | N/A | 1.8 | N/A | 1.2 | 1.3 | S |
2 | 10/11/1950 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 60.3 | N/A | 79.6 | 92.6 | U |
3 | 21/01/1953 | N/A | 80.0 | N/A | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 2.6 | CNE |
4 | 10/12/1953 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 36.8 | 16.5 | 66.5 | 15.1 | 17.6 | C |
5 | 22/11/1954 | N/A | 11.3 | N/A | 13.4 | 17.6 | 37.9 | 82.0 | 95.3 | U |
6 | 23/11/1954 | N/A | 0.0 | N/A | 76 | 64 | 79.8 | 2.0 | 2.3 | NE |
7 | 24/11/1954 | N/A | 0.0 | N/A | 53.3 | 3.8 | 60.6 | 43.4 | 50.5 | N |
8 | 25/11/1954 | N/A | 0.0 | N/A | 70.4 | 53.4 | 35.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | N |
9 | 23/10/1955 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 60.5 | 14.5 | 9.5 | 104.0 | 120.9 | NE |
10 | 24/10/1955 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.0 | 119.1 | 116.5 | 14.5 | 16.8 | N |
11 | 28/11/1957 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 58.0 | 0.0 | 50.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | U |
12 | 22/11/1967 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 58.2 | 58.6 | 29 | 46 | 56.7 | C |
13 | 24/11/1968 | N/A | 17.1 | N/A | 26.4 | 61.2 | 27 | 48 | 60.0 | CE |
14 | 31/12/1968 | N/A | 83.0 | N/A | 42.8 | 25.0 | 40.3 | 13.8 | 11.3 | C |
15 | 10/02/1971 | N/A | 8.3 | N/A | 14.3 | 17.5 | 50.3 | 18 | 20 | U |
16 | 11/02/1971 | N/A | 3.8 | N/A | 76.0 | 32.8 | 40.4 | 19 | 25.8 | NE |
17 | 12/02/1971 | N/A | 0.0 | N/A | 57.0 | 80 | 49.5 | 36 | 27.3 | C |
18 | 17/12/1972 | N/A | 0.0 | N/A | 60.3 | 48 | 67.5 | 36 | 33.1 | N |
19 | 10/04/1977 | N/A | N/A | 95.0 | 3.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | S |
20 | 19/11/1983 | 136.0 | N/A | N/A | 1.6 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 3.4 | NE |
21 | 09/12/1984 | 7.7 | N/A | N/A | 126.0 | 41.8 | 66.6 | 60.0 | 51.0 | C |
22 | 16/02/1989 | 2.3 | 5.4 | 16.3 | 54.3 | 36.0 | 46.4 | 47.0 | 58.6 | CSE |
23 | 24/11/1989 | 96.5 | 100.2 | 91.0 | 25.5 | 44.0 | 47.7 | 33.0 | 32.0 | CNE |
24 | 17/03/1993 | 53.2 | 47.6 | 63.5 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 2.5 | 0.0 | CE |
25 | 28/10/1993 | 9.8 | 78.8 | 62.0 | 25.2 | 13.7 | 11.5 | 20.0 | 5.3 | CSE |
26 | 14/03/1995 | 3.0 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 14.0 | 8.8 | 10.0 | 53.0 | 4.2 | C |
27 | 13/12/1995 | 31.9 | 72.3 | 67.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | C |
28 | 02/02/1996 | 61.0 | 27.0 | 22.0 | 39.5 | 24.2 | 44.0 | 36. | 20.2 | U |
29 | 04/03/1996 | 29.6 | N/A | 72.0 | 18.2 | 13.0 | 17.0 | 16.4 | 14.0 | C |
30 | 07/01/2000 | 2.8 | 0.9 | 17.6 | 0.0 | 38.3 | 63.0 | 53.0 | 45.5 | CSE |
31 | 11/11/2000 | 14.0 | 44.0 | 74.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | U |
32 | 19/11/2001 | 13.5 | 31.0 | 39.6 | 62.0 | 59.9 | 50.0 | 41.0 | 102.0 | C |
33 | 20/11/2001 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 10.0 | 85.0 | 60.3 | 90.5 | 68.0 | 28.0 | N |
34 | 12/12/2002 | 39.5 | 71.0 | 76.0 | 8.2 | 21.7 | 9.0 | 8.0 | 23.0 | C |
35 | 16/12/2002 | 42.1 | 82.0 | 97.6 | 20.1 | 18.1 | 17.5 | 9.0 | 77.0 | NE |
36 | 17/12/2002 | 4.8 | 10.0 | 2.1 | 86.3 | 69.8 | 73.5 | 47.0 | 16.5 | N |
37 | 19/02/2004 | 30.3 | 63.0 | 94.7 | 25.3 | 17.4 | 21.5 | 15.0 | 14.0 | C |
38 | 24/02/2005 | 56.8 | 20.0 | 36.1 | 10.5 | 11.1 | 16.0 | 7.0 | 9.2 | C |
39 | 02/03/2005 | 17.5 | N/A | 81.0 | 8.5 | 13.7 | 9.0 | 11.0 | 13.8 | C |
40 | 18/08/2005 | 18.5 | 81.0 | 57.2 | 1.3 | 3.0 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 2.9 | N |
41 | 20/12/2005 | 25.2 | 55.0 | 65.2 | 60.0 | 67.5 | 42.0 | 59.0 | 66.9 | C |
42 | 23/01/2006 | 26.1 | 2.4 | 95.2 | 70.0 | 11.5 | 27.0 | 25.0 | 10.9 | U |
43 | 28/10/2006 | 46.1 | 4.8 | 48.6 | 33.0 | 44.2 | 11.0 | 36.0 | 85.5 | CNE |
44 | 01/11/2006 | 81.2 | 14.5 | 28.0 | 6.2 | 2.9 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 2.7 | CNE |
45 | 29/11/2010 | 47.5 | N/A | 54.0 | 73.3 | 73.3 | 75.0 | 74.0 | 47.4 | CN |
46 | 02/12/2013 | 32.1 | N/A | 83.0 | 3.5 | 10.5 | 15.0 | 1.8 | 10.2 | CSE |
47 | 11/12/2013 | 109.0 | N/A | 158.0 | 29.6 | 13.2 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.2 | AN |
48 | 19/11/2014 | 0.9 | N/A | 0.0 | 30.2 | 61.3 | 26.0 | 57.0 | 49.7 | CS |
49 | 25/02/2018 | 57.2 | N/A | 30.0 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 16.0 | 10.0 | 2.0 | CNE |
Weather Type | Absolute Frequency | Relative Frequency (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Days | Episodes | Days | Episodes | ||
Cyclonic | C | 14 | 14 | 29 | 34 |
Directional type | N | 7 | 8 | 14 | 20 |
NE | 5 | 10 | |||
S | 2 | 4 | |||
Hybrid cyclonic | CN | 1 | 13 | 2 | 32 |
CNE | 5 | 10 | |||
CE | 2 | 4 | |||
CS | 1 | 2 | |||
CSE | 4 | 8 | |||
Hybrid anticyclonic | AN | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Unclassified | U | 7 | 5 | 14 | 12 |
Total | 49 | 41 | 100 | 100 |
153-El Berriel | C429I-Tenerife-Sur |
---|---|
Chi-Squared Test | Chi-Squared Test |
1. L-Moments GEV-Max (kappa specified) | Log Normal |
2. Exponential | Log Pearson III |
3. Log Pearson III | GEV-Max L-Moments |
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test | Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test |
1. GEV-Min L-Moments | Pareto L-Moments |
2. Log Pearson III | GEV Min L-Moments |
3. L-Moments GEV-Max (kappa specified) | Exponential |
Function | 25 | 50 | 100 |
---|---|---|---|
153-El Berriel | |||
Log Pearson III | 88.1 | 107.4 | 111.1 |
L-Moments GEV-Max (kappa specified) | 84.5 | 102.7 | 122.6 |
Exponential | 85.8 | 101.9 | 117.9 |
L-Moments (GEV-Min) | 85.9 | 100.6 | 114.9 |
C429I-Tenerife-Sur | |||
Log Pearson III | 105.3 | 138.9 | 179.9 |
L-Moments Pareto | 103.5 | 130.4 | 160.0 |
L-Moments GEV-Max | 99.9 | 131.7 | 171.4 |
L-Moments GEV-Min | 104.5 | 128.9 | 154.1 |
Log Normal | 96.5 | 120.2 | 146.4 |
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López Díez, A.; Máyer Suárez, P.; Díaz Pacheco, J.; Dorta Antequera, P. Rainfall and Flooding in Coastal Tourist Areas of the Canary Islands (Spain). Atmosphere 2019, 10, 809. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120809
López Díez A, Máyer Suárez P, Díaz Pacheco J, Dorta Antequera P. Rainfall and Flooding in Coastal Tourist Areas of the Canary Islands (Spain). Atmosphere. 2019; 10(12):809. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120809
Chicago/Turabian StyleLópez Díez, Abel, Pablo Máyer Suárez, Jaime Díaz Pacheco, and Pedro Dorta Antequera. 2019. "Rainfall and Flooding in Coastal Tourist Areas of the Canary Islands (Spain)" Atmosphere 10, no. 12: 809. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120809