Structural Analysis of the Historical Sungurlu Clock Tower
<p>Sungurlu clock tower.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Loss of parts when molding balconies.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Original (<b>left</b>) and present (<b>right</b>) view of the balcony.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Splits and fractures caused by physical impact.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Superficial and deep wear.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Flaking on the stone surface.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Unqualified repairs to the stone surface.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Surface soiling on the north facade (<b>left</b>) and interior (<b>right</b>).</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Joint discharge and unqualified joint repairs.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Wooden elements in the structure.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Original clock, eaves cladding, and metal door.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Plans, sections, and views (units cm).</p> "> Figure 12 Cont.
<p>Plans, sections, and views (units cm).</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Spectrum curves.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Resulting translations on G+EQx (left/units mm) and G+EQy (right/units mm).</p> "> Figure 15
<p>Mode shapes and displacements.</p> "> Figure 16
<p>Normal (<b>left</b>/units Mpa), tensile (<b>middle</b>/units kPa), and compressive stresses (<b>right</b>/units kPa) (G+EQx).</p> "> Figure 17
<p>Normal (<b>left</b>/units Mpa), tensile (<b>middle</b>/units kPa), and compressive stresses (<b>right</b>/units kPa) (G+EQy).</p> "> Figure 18
<p>G+EQx and G+EQy shear stresses (units kPa).</p> "> Figure 19
<p>Tower, entrance, top, and bottom views.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The methods and materials used should be in harmony with the structure. Interventions that may cause the structure to decay or collapse due to the selection of materials incompatible with the structure should be avoided [4].
- The life of the repairs should be as long as the life of the building; if this cannot be achieved, they should be of a quality that can be repeated at specific intervals [5].
- Repair and conservation work started with good intentions may bring bad results due to any mistake that may be made.
- Experiments and calculations must demonstrate that the intervention achieves the desired result [6]. Reversibility: Repair and strengthening work started with good intentions may bring bad results due to any mistake that may be made. For this issue, which requires expertise and experience, the reversibility flexibility of the selected technique should not be ignored.
- Every conscious and responsible individual should show sensitivity in protecting and preserving all cultural assets that we have inherited and have become a part of our lives [7].
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sungurlu Clock Tower
2.2. Structural Status and Problems
2.2.1. Deterioration of the Stones
- Part loss (Loss): Losses and ruptures occurring in the integrity of the material. This loss is seen more intensely, especially in the stone blocks in the corner moldings (Figure 2). It is mainly seen in breaking the edges and corners of the stone blocks sitting on each other.
- Destroyed elements: In the balcony part of the monument, one of the small piers in the form of a polygonal prism made of stone at the corners connecting the iron grids is partially intact; one is broken; and the other two are destroyed (Figure 3).
- Cracks, splits, and fractures: Capillary and deep cracks of various sizes are observed in the stone structures used in the monument (Figure 4). Temperature changes cause different expansions and contractions in building stones consisting of different minerals, leading to the proliferation of capillary cracks in the stone bodies, which are loosened by heat. If no precautions are taken, the size of the cracks grows over time, accelerates the deterioration process, and may lead to part losses.
- Abrasion (Erosion): This is the wear and superficial damage that occurs primarily due to the effects of climate and atmosphere (rain, snow, wind, acid rain, etc.). The wetting of surfaces by rain or snow and impacts caused by dust and sand grains brought by the wind cause abrasion (Figure 5). In addition, compounds such as sulfur, carbon, chlorine, and nitrogen emitted from exhausts and housing chimneys are acidified in humid environments and cause the erosion of stones.
- Foliation (Flaking): Due to physical and chemical effects, it is a type of deterioration that causes separation and rupture in the form of thin layers and flaking on the stone surfaces (Figure 6).
- Deterioration due to unqualified repair interventions: Recent careless cement interventions, plastic completions in missing parts, repairs with colors and textures incompatible with the original stone surfaces, and carelessly placed lighting elements and electrical cables have led to physical, chemical, and visual contamination (Figure 7).
- Surface accumulations (Contamination): There is contamination on the stone surfaces due to different factors. These layers of dirt appear at different densities in different regions. Stains caused by rainwater leakage are observed under the profiled wiping on the body (Figure 8).
- Bird droppings: Bird (pigeon) droppings are observed on the stone surfaces, more intensely on the balcony part, moldings, and windowsills. These cause abrasion on the material surfaces due to the acidic compounds in their content.
2.2.2. Joint Deterioration
2.2.3. Wood Deterioration
2.2.4. Metal Deterioration
2.3. Calculation Parameters
Material Type | Compression (MPa) | Tensile (MPa) | Shear (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|
Stonewall | 0.900 | 0.135 | 0.530 |
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Foulks, W.G. Historic Building Façades: The Manual for Maintenance and Rehabilitation; John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Vicente, R.; Lagomarsino, S.; Ferreira, T.M.; Cattari, S.; Mendes da Silva, J.A.R. Cultural heritage monuments and historical buildings: Conservation works and structural retrofitting. Strength. Retrofit. Exist. Struct. 2018, 9, 25–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Worthing, D.; Bond, S. Managing Built Heritage: The Role of Cultural Significance; John Wiley & Sons: London, UK, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Tsilimantou, E.; Delegou, E.T.; Nikitakos, I.A.; Ioannidis, C.; Moropoulou, A. GIS and BIM as integrated digital environments for modeling and monitoring of historic buildings. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 1078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Prisco, M.; Scola, M.; Zani, G. On site assessment of Azzone Visconti bridge in Lecco: Limits and reliability of current techniques. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 209, 269–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Biagini, C.; Capone, P.; Donato, V.; Facchini, N. Towards the BIM implementation for historical building restoration sites. Autom. Constr. 2016, 71, 74–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soto-Martin, O.; Fuentes-Porto, A.; Martin-Gutierrez, J. A digital reconstruction of a historical building and virtual reintegration of mural paintings to create an interactive and immersive experience in virtual reality. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feilden, B. Conservation of Historic Buildings; Routledge: London, UK, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Yazgan, İ.O.; Ünay, A.İ. Numerical modeling and structural analysis of Sinan Pasa Kulliye’s imaret in Yenisehir, Bursa. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilim. Derg. 2019, 8, 1193–1203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sarhosis, V.; Milani, G.; Formisano, A.; Fabbrocino, F. Evaluation of different approaches for the estimation of the seismic vulnerability of masonry towers. Bull. Earthq. Eng. 2018, 16, 1511–1545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Torelli, G.; D’Ayala, D.; Betti, M.; Bartoli, G. Analytical and numerical seismic assessment of heritage masonry towers. Bull. Earthq. Eng. 2020, 18, 969–1008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peña, F.; Lourenço, P.B.; Mendes, N.; Oliveira, D.V. Numerical models for the seismic assessment of an old masonry tower. Eng. Struct. 2010, 32, 1466–1478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Valente, M. Seismic vulnerability assessment and earthquake response of slender historical masonry bell towers in South-East Lombardia. Eng. Fail. Anal. 2021, 129, 105656. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Valente, M. Earthquake response and damage patterns assessment of two historical masonry churches with bell tower. Eng. Fail. Anal. 2023, 151, 107418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garbowski, T.; Cornaggia, A.; Zaborowicz, M.; Sowa, S. Computer-Aided Structural Diagnosis of Bridges Using Combinations of Static and Dynamic Tests: A Preliminary Investigation. Materials 2023, 16, 7512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Halaç, H.; İlhan, S. Urban image of the clock tower; in the period of II. Abdülhamit, the distribution of clock towers outside Istanbul in the geography of Turkey and a typology trial. Humanit. Sci. 2014, 9, 190–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Acun, H. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Saat Kuleleri; Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Yayınları: Ankara, Türkiye, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Eskici, B. Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi, Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma Ve Onarım Bölümü Sungurlu Saat Kulesi Koruma Raporu; Ankara Universitesi: Ankara, Turkey, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Climate and Weather Conditions in Sungurlu Region Throughout the Year Türkiye. 2024. Available online: https://tr.weatherspark.com/y/98325/Sungurlu-T%C3%BCrkiye-Ortalama-Hava-Durumu-Y%C4%B1l-Boyunca (accessed on 1 June 2024).
- Boğaziçi University Kandilli Observatory BDTİM Earthquake Inquiry System. 2024. Available online: http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/zeqdb/ (accessed on 28 June 2024).
- Türkiye Earthquake Hazard Maps Interactive Web Application. 2024. Available online: https://tdth.afad.gov.tr/TDTH/main.xhtml (accessed on 25 June 2024).
- Türkiye Building Earthquake Regulation (TBER 2018). 2018. Available online: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2018/03/20180318M1-2.htm (accessed on 13 June 2024).
- Battista, G.; de Lieto Vollaro, E.; Ocłoń, P.; de Lieto Vollaro, R. Retrofit analysis of a historical building in an architectural constrained area: A case study in Rome, Italy. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 12305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Erdemir, M.; Başar, M.E. Tarihi Konya Hasbey Dar’ül Huffazi’nin (mescit) sonlu elemanlar analizi yöntemiyle deprem davranişinin incelenmesi. J. Aware. 2019, 4, 419–432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sungurlu Clock Tower | |
---|---|
Earthquake ground motion level | DD-2 |
Short-period map spectral acceleration coefficient | 0.501 (unitless) |
Map spectral acceleration coefficient for 1.0 s period | 0.160 (unitless) |
Peak Ground Acceleration (P.G.A.) | 0.216 g (m/s2) |
Peak Ground Velocity (P.G.V.) | 14.099 (cm/s) |
Support system response coefficient (Ra) | 1 (unitless) |
Soil class | ZD (medium density/density sand, gravel, or very stiff clay layers) |
Mode | Period (s) | X Direction Mass Participation Rate | Y Direction Mass Participation Rate |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.814905 | 0.000 | 0.500 |
2 | 0.805572 | 0.503 | 0.500 |
3 | 0.207501 | 0.724 | 0.500 |
4 | 0.198697 | 0.724 | 0.754 |
5 | 0.195461 | 0.781 | 0.754 |
6 | 0.134047 | 0.781 | 0.754 |
7 | 0.119458 | 0.781 | 0.754 |
8 | 0.109243 | 0.795 | 0.754 |
9 | 0.106038 | 0.881 | 0.754 |
10 | 0.100975 | 0.881 | 0.864 |
11 | 0.089060 | 0.883 | 0.864 |
12 | 0.085781 | 0.883 | 0.864 |
Output Case | Case Type | Step Type | Global Fx | Global Fy | Global Fz |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dead | LinStatic | 0 | 0 | 763.669 | |
EQx | LinRespSp | Max | 246.024 | 0.007676 | 0.00036 |
EQy | LinRespSp | Max | 0.013 | 240.811 | 5.385 |
G+EQx | Combination | Min | 246.024 | 0.007676 | 763.669 |
G+EQx | Combination | Min | −246.024 | −0.00768 | 763.669 |
G+EQy | Combination | Max | 0.013 | 240.811 | 769.054 |
G+EQy | Combination | Min | −0.013 | 240.811 | 758.284 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Gökdemir, A.; Baki, Z. Structural Analysis of the Historical Sungurlu Clock Tower. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7085. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167085
Gökdemir A, Baki Z. Structural Analysis of the Historical Sungurlu Clock Tower. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(16):7085. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167085
Chicago/Turabian StyleGökdemir, Ahmet, and Zülküf Baki. 2024. "Structural Analysis of the Historical Sungurlu Clock Tower" Applied Sciences 14, no. 16: 7085. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167085