Characteristics of Acoustic Emission Caused by Intermittent Fatigue of Rock Salt
<p>(<b>a</b>) The triaxial loading system.1—salt rock sample; 2—limber; 3—compression plate; 4—compression plate; 5—engine base; 6—strut; 7—cylinder; 8—servo hydraulic station; 9—confining pressure chamber; 10—axial compression; 11—dissolved liquid cylinder; 12—brine pump; 13—flow meter; 14—relief valve; 15—dissolved liquid container; 16—heat tape; 17—temperature sensor; 18—temperature controller. (<b>b</b>) The actual triaxial loading apparatus. (<b>c</b>) Acoustic emission test and analysis system.</p> "> Figure 1 Cont.
<p>(<b>a</b>) The triaxial loading system.1—salt rock sample; 2—limber; 3—compression plate; 4—compression plate; 5—engine base; 6—strut; 7—cylinder; 8—servo hydraulic station; 9—confining pressure chamber; 10—axial compression; 11—dissolved liquid cylinder; 12—brine pump; 13—flow meter; 14—relief valve; 15—dissolved liquid container; 16—heat tape; 17—temperature sensor; 18—temperature controller. (<b>b</b>) The actual triaxial loading apparatus. (<b>c</b>) Acoustic emission test and analysis system.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>1,2,3,4 are positions of AE sensors with respect to the rock salt specimens: (<b>a</b>) top view and (<b>b</b>) side view.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) The real rock salt samples. (<b>b</b>) Components of rock salt used in the tests.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Stress paths of (<b>a</b>) classic fatigue and (<b>b</b>) fatigue as a function of time interval.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Fatigue strain path as a function of time interval.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Residual axial strain for each loading circle for (<b>a</b>) the classic fatigue experiment and (<b>b</b>) the control group experiment with a time interval of 5 s.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Strain curves and (<b>a</b>) AE counts, (<b>b</b>) AE energy features for the fatigue tests carried out with a 30 s interval.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>(<b>a</b>) Failure condition of rock salt after experiment. SEM images of micro cracks for (<b>b</b>) the first circle and (<b>c</b>) the complete circle.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Features of AE counts for tests carried out with fatigue intervals of (<b>a</b>) 5 s, (<b>b</b>) 10 s, (<b>c</b>) 60 s, (<b>d</b>) 120 s, (<b>e</b>) 600 s, (<b>f</b>) 900 s, and (<b>g</b>) 1200 s.</p> "> Figure 9 Cont.
<p>Features of AE counts for tests carried out with fatigue intervals of (<b>a</b>) 5 s, (<b>b</b>) 10 s, (<b>c</b>) 60 s, (<b>d</b>) 120 s, (<b>e</b>) 600 s, (<b>f</b>) 900 s, and (<b>g</b>) 1200 s.</p> "> Figure 9 Cont.
<p>Features of AE counts for tests carried out with fatigue intervals of (<b>a</b>) 5 s, (<b>b</b>) 10 s, (<b>c</b>) 60 s, (<b>d</b>) 120 s, (<b>e</b>) 600 s, (<b>f</b>) 900 s, and (<b>g</b>) 1200 s.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Partial enlarged detail of <a href="#applsci-12-05528-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>a for test carried out with a 30 s fatigue interval.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Area graphs showing the accumulated AE counts produced in each circle for fatigue tests with intervals of (<b>a</b>) 5 s, (<b>b</b>) 10 s, (<b>c</b>) 30 s, (<b>d</b>) 60 s, (<b>e</b>) 120 s, (<b>f</b>) 600 s, (<b>g</b>) 900 s, and (<b>h</b>) 1200 s.</p> "> Figure 11 Cont.
<p>Area graphs showing the accumulated AE counts produced in each circle for fatigue tests with intervals of (<b>a</b>) 5 s, (<b>b</b>) 10 s, (<b>c</b>) 30 s, (<b>d</b>) 60 s, (<b>e</b>) 120 s, (<b>f</b>) 600 s, (<b>g</b>) 900 s, and (<b>h</b>) 1200 s.</p> "> Figure 11 Cont.
<p>Area graphs showing the accumulated AE counts produced in each circle for fatigue tests with intervals of (<b>a</b>) 5 s, (<b>b</b>) 10 s, (<b>c</b>) 30 s, (<b>d</b>) 60 s, (<b>e</b>) 120 s, (<b>f</b>) 600 s, (<b>g</b>) 900 s, and (<b>h</b>) 1200 s.</p> "> Figure 11 Cont.
<p>Area graphs showing the accumulated AE counts produced in each circle for fatigue tests with intervals of (<b>a</b>) 5 s, (<b>b</b>) 10 s, (<b>c</b>) 30 s, (<b>d</b>) 60 s, (<b>e</b>) 120 s, (<b>f</b>) 600 s, (<b>g</b>) 900 s, and (<b>h</b>) 1200 s.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Trends of N<span class="html-italic"><sub>i</sub></span>(X) as a function of fatigue interval duration.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Accumulated damage curves-D<span class="html-italic"><sub>i</sub></span>.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Relationship between the slope of the linear equation (k<span class="html-italic"><sub>d</sub></span>) and the time intervals during the stable damage phases.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Apparatus and Samples
3. Methodology
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Characteristics of Residual Deformation
4.2. General Features of Acoustic Emission
4.3. Influence of Time Intervals
4.4. Intermittent Fatigue Life Model for Rock Salt Based on Damage
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The count method of fatigue circles, named ‘β-α’, was proposed, which makes research of time intervals during fatigue in one same sample possible. Insertion of time interval separates the original continuous development tendency of residual strain, and the residual strain in circles following an interval (α circles) is generally larger than that in circles before the intervals (β circles).
- (2)
- Insertion of a time interval into the fatigue process significantly accelerates the accumulation of residual strain produced by fatigue activity and reduces the fatigue life of the salt. The longer the interval, the faster the residual deformation accumulates and the shorter the fatigue life of the salt.
- (3)
- α circles obviously produce a greater number of acoustic emission counts than β circles. Acoustic emission activity becomes more active in α circles during intervals of no stress, and the longer the interval, the more obvious this phenomenon is.
- (4)
- The residual stress urges the inverse movement of dislocation during intervals, which is beneficial to the regression of dislocation and the generation of new glide plane. The reverse softening caused by the Bauschinger effect makes the inner structure of salt more unconsolidated, which accelerates the accumulation of plastic deformation.
- (5)
- A qualitative relationship between the accumulated damage variable and the time interval is established, and an acceleration effect conclusion of time interval is obtained. A prediction model of salt’s fatigue life is proposed on the basis of time interval.
- (6)
- The phenomenon of AE activity demonstrates that residual stress leads to internal structural adjustment of rock salt on a mesoscopic scale during the interval when no stress is applied. Reverse softening caused by the Bauschinger effect accelerates the accumulation of plastic deformation. A relationship between fatigue life and the length of the time interval with no stress is established on the basis of AE variables, and the mechanism of the time interval on fatigue activity is explained.
- (7)
- Our observation holds for time intervals extending in duration to 900 s; for longer time periods, the fatigue life of the salt increases slightly.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Interval Duration (s) | C/y = aebx + C | Average Fatigue Life | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ceven/‰ | Codd/‰ | (Codd − Ceven)/‰ | ||
0 (classic fatigue) | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.01 | 88 |
5 | 0.8 | 1.04 | 0.24 | 52 |
10 | 0.87 | 0.99 | 0.12 | 54 |
30 | 1.29 | 2.05 | 0.76 | 27 |
60 | 2.05 | 2.56 | 0.51 | 18 |
120 | 1.97 | 2.90 | 0.93 | 13 |
600 | 2.37 | 3.59 | 1.22 | 7 |
900 | 4.41 | 4.50 | 1.09 | 4 |
1200 | 2.48 | 3.23 | 0.75 | 10 |
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Cui, Y.; Liu, C.; Qiao, N.; Qi, S.; Chen, X.; Zhu, P.; Feng, Y. Characteristics of Acoustic Emission Caused by Intermittent Fatigue of Rock Salt. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 5528. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12115528
Cui Y, Liu C, Qiao N, Qi S, Chen X, Zhu P, Feng Y. Characteristics of Acoustic Emission Caused by Intermittent Fatigue of Rock Salt. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(11):5528. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12115528
Chicago/Turabian StyleCui, Yao, Changjun Liu, Nan Qiao, Siyu Qi, Xuanyi Chen, Pengyu Zhu, and Yongneng Feng. 2022. "Characteristics of Acoustic Emission Caused by Intermittent Fatigue of Rock Salt" Applied Sciences 12, no. 11: 5528. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12115528