Bacillus subtilis Effects on Growth Performance and Health Status of Totoaba macdonaldi Fed with High Levels of Soy Protein Concentrate
<p>Black arrows point to some bacilli-like structures in fish intestine fed with SPC30Pro diet.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Bacterial count in intestinal samples of fish fed with SPC30Pro, SPC30C, and DCML at the beginning and end of the trial.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>FISH of intestinal samples taken from totoaba fed with SPC30Pro diet at the beginning and end of the trial; (<b>a</b>) low G + C Gram-positive control strain (<span class="html-italic">Bacillus subtilis</span> 9b); (<b>b</b>) Low G + C Gram-positive bacteria from intestine samples at the beginning of the study; (<b>c</b>) Low G + C Gram-positive bacteria from intestine samples at the end of the study; (<b>d</b>) <span class="html-italic">γ-Proteobacteria</span> control strain (<span class="html-italic">Vibrio harveyi</span> ATCC14126); (<b>e</b>) <span class="html-italic">γ-Proteobacteria</span> from intestine samples at the beginning of the study; (<b>f</b>) <span class="html-italic">γ-Proteobacteria</span> from intestine samples at the end of the study.</p> "> Figure 4
<p><span class="html-italic">Totoaba macdonaldi</span> feed intake behavior after <span class="html-italic">Vibrio harveyi</span> infection.</p> ">
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Feeds Preparation
2.2. Organisms and Growth Conditions
2.3. Growth Performance
- Weight gain (WG)
- Specific growth rate (SGR)
- Thermal growth coefficient (TGC)
- Daily feed intake (DFI)
- Survival rate
2.4. Intestine Recollection and Organs Observation
2.5. Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization
2.5.1. Probes
2.5.2. Control Preparation
2.5.3. Samples Preparation
2.5.4. Sample Fixation
2.5.5. Microscopy
2.5.6. Bacterial Quantification by FISH
2.6. Pathogens Resistance Assay
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Feeding Trials
3.2. Treatment Effect on Organ Conditions
3.3. Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization Evaluation
3.4. T. macdonaldi Behavior after V. harveyi Infection
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients | SPC30C | SPC30Pro | SPC60C | SPC60Pro |
---|---|---|---|---|
FM | 42.05 | 42.05 | 25.31 | 25.31 |
SPC | 20.26 | 20.26 | 39 | 39 |
Corn starch | 17 | 17 | 15 | 15 |
Wheat flour | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Corn flour | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Gelatin | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
Fish Oil | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Cellulose | 2.1 | 2 | 2.1 | 2 |
Mineral mix | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 |
Vitamin mix | 1.59 | 1.59 | 1.59 | 1.59 |
B. subtilis 9b | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 |
DCML A* | SPC30C B* | SPC30Pro C* | SPC60C D* | SPC60Pro E* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IW | 152.6 ± 1.77 | 152 ± 1.9 | 153 ± 1.87 | 154.3 ± 2.068 | 153.1 ± 1.632 |
FW | 618.4 ± 20.13 DE | 624.4 ± 16.97 DE | 645.4 ± 17.49 DE | 260.1 ± 57.65 ABCE | 406.2 ± 45 ABCD |
WG | 306.1 ± 3.59 CDE | 312.5 ± 3.83 ED | 323.5 ± 3.86 ADE | 68.84 ± 0.94 ABCE | 165.9 ± 1.76 ABCD |
SGR | 1.631 ± 0.03 DE | 1.637 ± 0.02 DE | 1.682 ± 0.02 DE | 0.360 ± 0.22 ABC | 1.002 ± 0.14 ABC |
TGC | 1.508 ± 0.03 DE | 1.515 ± 0.03 DE | 1.567 ± 0.03 DE | 0.3445 ± 0.19 ABC | 0.9079 ± 0.13 ABC |
DFI | 4.31 | 5.02 | 4.93 | 1.02 | 2.36 |
S (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 61.11 | 83.33 |
IIW | 4.05 | 4.11 | 4.22 | 1.69 | 2.65 |
Feed | Muscular Firmness 1 | Visceral Fat 1 | Organ’s Condition | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liver Color and Size (cm) | Spleen Size (cm) | Intestine Length (cm) | Bile | |||
DCML | ++ | +++ | Pink (12.7) | 1.05 | 18.7 | Yellow |
SPC30C | +++ | ++ | Pink (12.35) | 1.57 | 22.47 | Yellow |
SPC30Pro | +++ | ++ | Pink (12.68) | 1.76 | 24.74 | Greenish |
SPC60C | + | ++ | Pale (11.16) | 1.04 | 20.9 | Yellow |
SPC60Pro | ++ | ++ | Pale (10.4) | 1.12 | 23.61 | Yellow |
Days Post-Infection | DCML | SPC30C | SPC30Pro |
---|---|---|---|
1 | ° | ° | ° |
2 | ° | ° | ° |
3 | ° | °° | °°° |
4 | ° | °° | °°° |
5 | °° | °° | °°° |
6 | °°° | °°° | °°° |
7 | °°° | °°° | °°° |
8 | °°° | °°° | °°° |
9 | °°° | °°° | °°° |
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Olmos, J.; López, L.M.; Gorriño, A.; Galaviz, M.A.; Mercado, V. Bacillus subtilis Effects on Growth Performance and Health Status of Totoaba macdonaldi Fed with High Levels of Soy Protein Concentrate. Animals 2022, 12, 3422. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233422
Olmos J, López LM, Gorriño A, Galaviz MA, Mercado V. Bacillus subtilis Effects on Growth Performance and Health Status of Totoaba macdonaldi Fed with High Levels of Soy Protein Concentrate. Animals. 2022; 12(23):3422. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233422
Chicago/Turabian StyleOlmos, Jorge, Lus M. López, Antonio Gorriño, Mario A. Galaviz, and Victor Mercado. 2022. "Bacillus subtilis Effects on Growth Performance and Health Status of Totoaba macdonaldi Fed with High Levels of Soy Protein Concentrate" Animals 12, no. 23: 3422. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233422