Extracellular Vesicles, the Road toward the Improvement of ART Outcomes
<p>Schematic representation of the sperm travel through the female reproductive tract. Sperm enter in contact with the different extracellular vesicles produced in the vagina, the uterus and the oviduct. Once fertilization takes place, the embryo will come into contact with the EVs produced by the oviduct and the uterus where the embryo and the future fetus will remain for the rest of the pregnancy until delivery. Note that the embryo also produces EVs that allow bidirectional communication with the mother tissue (oviduct).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Schematic representation of embryo production using a Chip-model or an in vitro model (in a dish). Hypothetically in a Chip-model, the system mimics estrus cycle hormones concentrations that allows oviductal cells to develop cilia and produce EVs that will vary their cargo along the estrus cycle, increasing the pregnancy and delivery rate. In contrast, in embryo production by classic ART in a dish there is no interaction with EVs oviduct, consequently the embryos produced have lower quality and less chance of implantation and ending in delivery.</p> ">
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Their Handicaps
2. Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) and Their Role on ART Outcome Improvement
2.1. Relationship between Spermatozoa and EVs as a Tool to Enhance ART Results
2.2. Relationship between Oocyte Maturation and EVs Used as a Tool to Enhance ART Results
2.3. Relationship between EVs Used as a Tool to Enhance Embryos and Conceptus Development Obtained by ART
3. Challenges for the New Era of ART Development
4. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subsection | Name |
---|---|
Epididymis | Epididymosome |
Prostate | Prostasome |
Vagina | Vaginosome |
Uterus | Uterosome |
Oviduct | Oviductosome |
Size (nm) | Name |
100–1000 | Microvesicles or ectosomes |
30–100 | Exosomes |
Specie | EVs Origen | ART used | Output | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Human | Prostate | In vitro incubation in acidic media | ↑ % of motile spermatozoa | [24] |
Human | Prostate | In vitro capacitation | Inhibit sperm capacitation Inhibit spontaneous acrosome reaction | [25] |
Human | EECs | In vitro capacitation | Enhance sperm capacitation status | [26] |
Human | Prostate | In vitro capacitation | Enhance acrosome reaction response to calcium ionophore | [27] |
Human/ mouse | Prostate | In vitro incubation | ↑ Hypermotility ↑ IVF fertility | [28] |
Mouse | Vagina from superovulated females | In vitro capacitation | Enhance sperm responsiveness to progesterone Incorporation of several sperm proteins with roles on calcium homeostasis (SPAM1, PMCA1/4, PMCA4) and capacitation process (protein tyrosine phosphorylation) | [29] |
Pig | Prostate | In vitro incubation | Enhance sperm acrosome reaction | [30] |
Pig | Prostate | Preservation at low temperature | Prolonged sperm motility ↑ Sperm antioxidative capacity ↓ Lipid peroxidation Protect plasma membrane Protect against premature capacitation | [31] |
Stallion | Prostate | In vitro capacitation | Inhibit sperm capacitation events as protein tyrosine phosphorylation | [32] |
Feline | Epididymis | In vitro incubation | ↑ % of motile spermatozoa for a short period of time (up to 1 h) ↑ Forward motility (1.5 to 3 h of co-incubation) | [33] |
Feline | Oviduct (different follicular phases) | IVF | ↑ % Motile spermatozoa Protect again premature acrosome reaction Enhanced IVF outcome | [34] |
Dog | ASCs | Cryopreservation | ↑ Sperm motility and viability ↑ Mucus penetration ability or ↓ Acrosome and chromatin damaged | [35] |
Bovine | Oviduct (different sections) | Cryopreservation | ↑Protein tyrosine phosphorylation ↑ Responsiveness to progesterone Maintain sperm survival | [36] |
Specie | EVs Origen | ART Used | Output | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bovine | BOEC | IVC Vitrification | No differences on embryo development Enhance vitrification outcome: ↑ Embryo quality ↑ Cryo-survival rate ↑ Number of cells | [75] |
Bovine | BOEC | IVP IVC | Enhanced the embryo quality ↑ Number of cells ↑ Hatching rate = Fertilization rate | [70] |
Bovine | Oviduct (ampulla and isthmus) | IVC Vitrification | No differences on embryo development ↑ Cryo-survival rate | [76] |
Mouse | endMSCs | Embryo culture obtained in vivo | ↑ Number of total cells by blastocyst ↑ Hatching rate | [82] |
Mouse (ageing) | endMSCs | IVF IVC | Enhance embryo competence and quality ×2 blastocyst rate ↑ mRNA expression of Sod1, Gadph, Vegfa and Sox2 | [83,84] |
Mouse | Oviduct from pregnant females | IVF ET | ↑ Embryo quality (↑ Bcl-2; Oct-4↓Bax) ↑ ICM ↑ Blastocyst and birth rates | [81] |
Mouse (POI) | HUCMSCs | IVF | Rescue ovary function, hormones levels (FSH and E2), natural fertility. ↑ oocytes retrieved, fertilized zygotes, cleaved embryos and blastocysts | [85] |
Porcine | Oviduct | IVF | ↓ Polyspermia | [69] |
Feline | Ovarian fluid | Vitrification IVM | = Vitrification survival rate ↑ Oocyte IVM from 8.6% in control to 28.3% in supplemented with EVs | [64] |
Canine | Oviduct | IVM | ↑ Oocyte IVM 21.82% vs. control 8.66% | [52] |
Canine | Oviduct | IVM | ↑ Cumulus cell viability, and proliferation rate ↓ ROS and apoptotic rate | [54] |
Canine | Oviduct | IVM | ↑ Maturation rate of oocytes | [55] |
Rabbit | Oviduct | IVF IVC | ↓ ROS and DNA methylation levels ↑ Blastocyst rate | [80] |
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Gervasi, M.G.; Soler, A.J.; González-Fernández, L.; Alves, M.G.; Oliveira, P.F.; Martín-Hidalgo, D. Extracellular Vesicles, the Road toward the Improvement of ART Outcomes. Animals 2020, 10, 2171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112171
Gervasi MG, Soler AJ, González-Fernández L, Alves MG, Oliveira PF, Martín-Hidalgo D. Extracellular Vesicles, the Road toward the Improvement of ART Outcomes. Animals. 2020; 10(11):2171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112171
Chicago/Turabian StyleGervasi, Maria G., Ana J. Soler, Lauro González-Fernández, Marco G. Alves, Pedro F. Oliveira, and David Martín-Hidalgo. 2020. "Extracellular Vesicles, the Road toward the Improvement of ART Outcomes" Animals 10, no. 11: 2171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112171