Relationships between housing and management factors and clinical health events in elephants in North American zoos
Table 4
Univariate analyses investigating relationships between independent variables and the total number of clinical events per animal in African and Asian elephants in North American zoos.
Hypotheses (H): positive (+), negative (-), or neutral (/) relationship of each variable with the number of clinical events per animal as a measure of elephant welfare, and whether observed relationships (P<0.15) were in the predicted direction (Y yes / N no).