Abstract
Chromite mining activities are indispensable for production of goods and services. Sukinda is a major mining site of Odisha, India, polluted by chromium, which is highly toxic in its hexavalent form. The Sukinda valley is a rich source of chromites, amounting to almost 95% of Cr available in India, and is the fourth most polluted site worldwide. Immediate solutions are needed to protect the health of biotic species of this region and their surroundings. Here we review chromite mining in India, impact of chromite pollution on plants and the environment, and phytoremediation of Cr-polluted soils.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Abdu N, Abdullahi AA, Abdulkadir A (2017) Heavy metals and soil microbes. Environ Chem Lett 15:65–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-016-0587-x
Ahemad M (2015) Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium-stressed soils through plant-growth-promoting bacteria. Genet Eng Biotechnol N13(1):51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2015.02.001
Arakawa H, Weng M, Chen W, Tang M (2012) Chromium(VI) induces both bulky DNA adducts and oxidative DNA damage at adenines and guanines in the p53 gene of human lung cells. Carcinogenesis 33(10):1993–2000
Bahadur A, Ahmad R, Afzal A, Feng H, Suthar V, Batool A, Khan A, Mahmood-ul-Hassan M (2017) The influences of Cr-tolerant rhizobacteria in phytoremediation and attenuation of Cr(VI) stress in agronomic sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Chemosphere 179:112–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.102
Bali AS, Sidhu GPS, Kumar V (2020) Root exudates ameliorate cadmium tolerance in plants: a review. Environ Chem Lett 18:1243–1275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01012-x
Barcelo J, Poschenrieder C, Gunse J (1985) Effect of chromium(VI) on mineral element composition of bush beans. J Plant Nutr 8:211–217
Bassi M, Donini A (1984) Phallotoxin visualization of F-actin in normal and chromium poisoned Euglena cells. Cell Biol Int Rep 8:867–871
Beyersmann D, Hartwig A (2008) Carcinogenic metal compounds: recent insight into molecular and cellular mechanisms. Arch Toxicol 82(8):493
Bianchi V, Celotti L, Lanfreanchi G, Majone F, Marin G, Di Montal A, Sponza G, Tamino G, Venier P, Zantideschi A, Levis AG (1983) Genetic effects of chromium compounds. Mutat Res 117:279–300
Black Smith Institute Report (2007) The world’s worst polluted places. A project of Blacksmith Institute, pp 16–17
Bondarenko BM, Ctarodoobova AT (1981) Morphological and cultural changes in bacteria under the effect of chromium salts. J Microbiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 4:99–100
Bucher M (2007) Functional biology of plant phosphate uptake at root and mycorrhiza interfaces. New Phytol 173:11–26
Chandra R, Kumar V, Singh K (2018) Hyperaccumulator versus nonhyperaccumulator plants environment waste management. In: Chandra R, Dubey NK, Kumar V (eds) Phytoremediation of environmental pollutants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 14–35
Chatterjee S, Sau GB, Mukherjee SK (2009) Plant growth promotion by a hexavalent chromium reducing bacterial strain, Cellulosimicrobiumcellulans KUCr3. World J MicrobBiot 25:1829–1836. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-009-0084-5
Chaudhary K, Agarwal S, Khan S (2018) Role of phytochelatins (PCs), metallothioneins (MTs), and heavy metal ATPase (HMA) genes in heavy metal tolerance. In: Prasad R (ed) Mycoremediation and environmental sustainability. Springer, Cham, pp 39–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77386-5
Chitraprabha K, Sathyavathi S (2018) Phytoextraction of chromium from electroplating effluent by Tageteserecta (L.). Sustain Environ Res 28:128–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.serj.2018.01.002
Coleman RN (1988) Chromium toxicity: effects on microorganisms with special reference to the soil matrix. In: Nriagu JO, Nieboer E (eds) Chromium in the natural and human environments. Wiley, New York, pp 335–368
Corradi MG, Gorbi G, Ricci A, Torelli A, Bassi AM (1995) Chromium-induced sexual reproduction gives rise to a Cr-tolerant progeny in Scenedesmusacutus. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 32:12–18
Das PK (2018) Phytoremediation and nanoremediation: emerging techniques for treatment of acid mine drainage water. Def Life Sci J 3(2):190–196. https://doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.3.11346
Das AP, Mishra S (2010) Biodegradation of the metallic carcinogen Hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) by an indigenously isolated bacterial strain. J Carcinog 9:6
Das AP, Singh S (2011) Occupational health assessment of chromite toxicity among Indian miners. Indian J Occup Environ Med 15:6–13. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5278.82998
Das PK, Das BP, Dash P (2017) Hexavalent chromium induced toxicity and its remediation using macrophytes. Pollut Res 36(1):92–98
Das PK, Das BP, Dash P (2018) Role of plant species as hyper-accumulators in the decontamination of hexavalent chromium contaminated soil. Indian J Environ Health 38(12):1016–1024
Dey SK, Jena PP, Kundu S (2009) Antioxidative efficiency of Triticum aestivum L. exposed to chromium stress. J Environ Biol 30(4):539–544
Dhakate R, Singh VS (2008) Heavy metal contamination in groundwater due to mining activities in Sukinda valley, Orissa—a case study. J Geogr Reg Plan 1(4):058–067
Dhal B, Thatoi HN, Das NN, Pandey BD (2011) Environmental quality of the Boula-Nuasahi chromite mine area in India. Mine Water Environ 30:191–196
Din BU, Amna, Rafique M, Javed MT, Kamran MA, Mehmood S, Khan M, Sultan T, Hussain Munis MF, Chaudhary HJ (2020) Assisted phytoremediation of chromium spiked soils by Sesbania Sesban in association with Bacillus xiamenensis PM14: a biochemical analysis. Plant Physiol Biochem 146:249–258
Dixit V, Pandey V, Shyam R (2002) Chromium ions inactivate electron transport and enhance superoxide generation in vivo in pea (Pisumsativum L. cv: Azad) root mitochondria. Plant Cell Environ 25:687–693
Dube BK, Tewari K, Chatterjee J, Chatterjee C (2003) Excess chromium alters uptake and translocation of certain nutrients in citrullus. Chemosphere 53(9):1147–1153
Dubey CS, Sahoo BK, Nayak NR (2001) Chromium(VI) in waters in parts of Sukinda chromite valley and health hazards, Orissa, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 67:541–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-001-0157-0
Fomina M, Gadd GM (2014) Biosorption: current perspectives on concept, definition and application. Bioresour Technol 160:3–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.102
Gómez-Garrido M, Mora Navarro J, Murcia Navarro FJ, Faz Cano Á (2018) The chelating effect of citric acid, oxalic acid, amino acids and Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria on phytoremediation of Cu, Zn, and Cr from soil using Suaedavera. Int J Phytoremediat 20(10):1033–1042
Gopal R, Rizvi AH, Nautiyal N (2009) Chromium alters iron nutrition and water relations of spinach. J Plant Nutr 32(9):1551–1559
Groves WA, Kecojevic VJ, Komljenovic D (2007) Analysis of fatalities and injuries involving mining equipment. J Saf Res 38:461–470
Gunkel-Grillon P, Laporte-Magoni C, Lemestre M et al (2014) Toxic chromium release from nickel mining sediments in surface waters, New Caledonia. Environ Chem Lett 12:511–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-014-0475-1
Gupta R, Mehta R, Kumar N, Dahiya DS (2000) Effect of chromium(VI) on phosphorus fractions in developing sunflower seeds. Crop Res 20:46–51
Hartford W (1983) Chromium chemicals. In: Grayson M (ed) Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology, vol 6, 3rd edn. Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp 83–120
Holland SL, Avery SV (2009) Actin-mediated endocytosis limits intracellular Cr accumulation and Cr toxicity during chromate stress. Toxicol Sci 111(2):437–446
IARC (1990) Chromium, nickel, and welding, Monogr on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, vol 49. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyons
Indian bureau of mines (2000) National Mineral Inventory—an overview. Nagpur, pp 1–48
Indian bureau of mines (2004) Indian mineral year book. Nagpur, pp 276–476
Indian bureau of mines (2010) Indian minerals yearbook. pp 18–51
Indian bureau of mines (2013) Monograph on chromite. pp 1–153
Jensen CD, Gujarathi NP (2016) Methyl jasmonate improves radical generation in macrophyte phytoremediation. Environ Chem Lett 14:549–558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-016-0591-1
Joshi PM, Juwarkar AA (2009) In vivo studies to elucidate the role of extracellular polymeric substances from azotobacter in immobilization of heavy metals. Environ Sci Technol 43:5884–5889
Juarez AB, Barsanti L, Passarelli V et al (2008) In vivo microspectroscopy monitoring of chromium effects on the photosynthetic and photoreceptive apparatus of Eudorinaunicocca and Chlorella Kessleri. J Environ Monit 10(11):1313–1318
Kahlon SK, Sharma G, Julka JM et al (2018) Impact of heavy metals and nanoparticles on aquatic biota. Environ Chem Lett 16:919–946. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0737-4
Katz SA, Salem H (1993) The toxicology of chromium with respect to its chemical speciation: a review. J Appl Toxicol 13:217–224
Khalid S, Shahid M, Niazi NK, Murtaza B, Bibi I, Dumat C (2017) A comparison of technologies for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. J Geochem Explor 182:247–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.11.021
Khan MS, Zaidi A, Wani PA et al (2009) Role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in the remediation of metal contaminated soils. Environ Chem Lett 7:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-008-0155-0
Kimbrough DE, Cohen Y, Winer AM, Creelman L, Mabuni C (1999) A critical assessment of chromium in the environment. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 29(1):1–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389991259164
Kleiner AM, Stolbun BM, Likhacheva YI (1970) Indices of the functional status of the myocardium and hemodynamics in chromium occupational poisoning with chromium compounds. Gig Tr Prof Zabol (Russian) 14:7–10
Kumar V, Sharma A, Kaur P, Sidhu GPS, Bali AS, Bhardwaj R, Thukral AK, Cerda A (2019) Pollution assessment of heavy metals in soils of India and ecological risk assessment: a state-of-the-art. Chemosphere 216:449–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.066
Lal S, Ratna S, Said OB, Kumar R (2018) Biosurfactant and exopolysaccharide-assisted rhizobacterial technique for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil: an advancement in metal phytoremediation technology. Environ Technol Innov 10:243–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2018.02.011
Lindberg E, Hestidania G (1983) Chrome plating symptoms findings in the upper airways and effects on lung function. Arch Environ Health 38(6):367–374
Liu D, Zou J, Wang M, Jiang W (2008) Hexavalent chromium uptake and its effects on mineral uptake, antioxidant defence system and photosynthesis in Amaranthus viridis L. Bioresour Technol 99(7):2628–2636
Liu L, Li W, Song W, Guo M (2018) Remediation techniques for heavy metal-contaminated soils: principles and applicability. Sci Total Environ 633:206–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.161
Lopez-Luna J, Gonzalez-Chavez MC, Esparza-Garcıa FJ, Rodrıguez-Vazquez R (2009) Toxicity assessment of soil amended with tannery sludge, trivalent chromium and hexavalent chromium, using wheat, oat and sorghum plants. J Hazard Mater 163(2–3):829–834
Lotfy SM, Mostafa AZ (2014) Phytoremediation of contaminated soil with cobalt and chromium. J Geochem Explor 144:367–373
Ma Y, Rajkumar M, Zhang C, Freitas H (2016) Beneficial role of bacterial endophytes in heavy metal phytoremediation. J Environ Manag 174:14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.02.047
Malik LA, Bashir A, Qureashi A et al (2019) Detection and removal of heavy metal ions: a review. Environ Chem Lett 17:1495–1521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-019-00891-z
Mallick S, Sinam G, Mishra RK, Sinha S (2010) Interactive effects of Cr and Fe treatments on plants growth, nutrition and oxidative status in Zea mays L. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 73(5):987–995
Megharaj M, Naidu R (2017) Soil and brownfield bioremediation. Microb Biotechnol 10:1244–1249. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.12840
Menezes MB, Sabino CD, Franco MB, Maia EC, Albinati CC (2004) Assessment of workers’ contamination caused by air pollution exposure in industry using biomonitors. J Atmos Chem 49(1–3):403–414
Mishra H, Sahu HB (2013) Environmental scenario of chromite mining at Sukinda valley—a review. Environ Eng Manag J4(4):287–292
Moncur MC, Ptacek CJ, Blowes DW, Jambor JL (2005) Release, transport, and attenuation of metals from an old tailings impoundment. Appl Geochem 20:639–659
Mudhoo A, Garg VK, Wang S (2012) Removal of heavy metals by biosorption. Environ Chem Lett 10:109–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-011-0342-2
Mulligan CN, Yong RN, Gibbs BF (2001) Remediation technologies for metal-contaminated soils and groundwater: an evaluation. Eng Geol 60:193–207
Muthusaravanan S, Sivarajasekar N, Vivek JS et al (2018) Phytoremediation of heavy metals: mechanisms, methods and enhancements. Environ Chem Lett 16:1339–1359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0762-3
Nayak AK, Panda SS, Basu A, Dhal NK (2018) Enhancement of toxic Cr(VI), Fe, and other heavy metals phytoremediation by the synergistic combination of native Bacillus cereus strain and Vetiveria zizanioides L. Int J Phytoremediat 20:682–691. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2017.1413332
Nieboer E, Jusys AA (1988) Biologic chemistry of chromium. In: Nriagu JO, Nierboor E (eds) Chromium in the natural and human environments. Wiley, New York, pp 21–79
Nieman RH (1965) Expansion of bean leaves and its suppression by salinity. J Plant Physiol 40:156–161
Oliveira H (2012) Chromium as an environmental pollutant: insights on induced plant toxicity. J Bot 2012:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/375843
Paiva LB, de Oliveira JG, Azevedo RA, Ribeiro M, da Silva G, Vitoria AP (2009) Ecophysiological responses of water hyacinth exposed to Cr3+ and Cr6+. Environ Exp Bot 65(2–3):403–409
Panda SK, Choudhury S (2005) Chromium stress in plants. Braz J Plant Physiol 17(1):95–102
Peng H, Guo J (2020) Removal of chromium from wastewater by membrane filtration, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption electrocoagulation, electrochemical reduction, electrodialysis, electrodeionization, photocatalysis and nanotechnology: a review. Environ Chem Lett. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01058-x
Ramírez V, Baez A, López P, Bustillos MDR, Villalobos MA, Carreño R, Contreras JL, Muñoz Rojas J, Fuentes-Ramírez LE, Martínez J, Munive JA (2019) Chromium hyper-tolerant Bacillus sp. MH778713 assists phytoremediation of heavy metals by mesquite trees (Prosopislaevigata). Front Microbiol 10:1833. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01833
Rausch C, Bucher M (2002) Molecular mechanisms of phosphate transport in plants. Planta 216:23–37
Rosas I, Belmont R, Baez A, Villalobos-Pietrini R (1989) Some aspects of the environmental exposure to chromium residues in Mexico. Water Air Soil Pollut 48(3–4):463–475
Rout GR, Samantaray S, Das P (1997) Differential chromium tolerance among eight mungbean cultivars grown in nutrient culture. J Plant Nutr 20(4–5):473–483
Samantary S (2002) Biochemical responses of Cr-tolerant and Cr-sensitive mung bean cultivars grown on varying levels of chromium. Chemosphere 47(10):1065–1072
Sevgi E, Coral G, Gizir AM, Sagun MK (2009) Investigation of heavy metal resistance in some bacterial strains isolated from industrial soils. Turk J Biol 34:423–431
Shah V, Daverey A (2020) Phytoremediation: a multidisciplinary approach to clean up heavy metal contaminated soil. Environ Technol Innov 18:100774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.100774
Shmitova LA (1980) Content of hexavalent chromium in the biological substrates of pregnant women and women in the immediate post-nasal period engaged in the manufacture of chromium compounds. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 2(2):33–35
Silver S, Schottel J, Weiss A (2001) Bacterial resistance to toxic metals determined by extrachromosomal R factors. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 48:263–281
Singh HP, Mahajan P, Kaur S et al (2013) Chromium toxicity and tolerance in plants. Environ Chem Lett 11:229–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-013-0407-5
Sugiyama M (1992) Role of physiological antioxidants in Cr(VI)-induced cellular injury. Free Radic Biol Med 12:397–407
Sundaramoorthy P, Chidambaram A, Ganesh KS, Unnikannan P, Baskaran L (2010) Chromium stress in paddy: (i) nutrient status of paddy under chromium stress; (ii) phytoremediation of chromium by aquatic and terrestrial weeds. CR Biol 333(8):597–607
Swapna TH, Papathoti NK, Khan MY, Reddy G, Hameeda B (2016) Bioreduction of Cr(VI) by biosurfactant producing marine bacterium Bacillus subtilis SHB 13. J Sci Ind Res India 75:432–438
TERI (2003) Hazardous waste management in India. A policy discussion forum base paper. Tata Energy Research Institute, New Delhi, India
Tiwary RK, Dhakate R, Rao VA, Singh VS (2005) Assessment and prediction of contaminant migration in ground water from chromite waste dump. J Environ Geol 48:420–429
Ullrich CI, Novacky AJ (1990) Extra and intracellular pH and membrane potential changes induced by K, Cl, H(2)PO(4), and NO(3) uptake and fusicoccin in root hairs of Limnobium stoloniferum. Plant Physiol 94:1561s–1567s
Vajpayee P, Sharma SC, Rai UN, Tripati RD, Yunus M (1999) Bioaccumulation of chromium and toxicity to photosynthetic pigments, nitrate reductase activity and protein content of Nelumbo nucifera Gaetrn. Chemosphere 39:2159–2169
Vajpayee P, Tripati RD, Rai UN, Ali MB, Singh SN (2000) Chromium accumulation reduces chlorophyll biosynthesis, nitrate reductase activity and protein content of Nymphaea alba. Chemosphere 41:1075–1082
Vamerali T, Bandiera M, Mosca G (2010) Field crops for phytoremediation of metal-contaminated land. A review. Environ Chem Lett 8:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-009-0268-0
Vernay P, Gauthier-Moussard C, Hitmi A (2007) Interaction of bioaccumulation of heavy metal chromium with water relation, mineral nutrition and photosynthesis in developed leaves of Lolium perenne L. Chemosphere 68(8):1563–1575
Vranova E, Inze D, Van Breusegem F (2002) Signal transduction during oxidative stress. J Exp Bot 53:1227–1236
Westbrook J (1983) Chromium and chromium alloys. In: Grayson M (ed) Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology, vol 6, 3rd edn. Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp 54–82
Yamini H, Devaraj N, Balachandran UN (2004) A Schiff base complex of chromium(III): an efficient inhibitor for the pathogenic and invasive potential of Shigella dysenteriae. J Inorg Biochem 98:387–392
Yang P, Zhou XF, Wang LL, Li QS, Zhou T, Chen YK, Zhao ZY, He BY (2018) Effect of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on the mobility of insoluble cadmium and metabolic analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15(7):1330
Ye S, Zeng G, Wu H, Zhang Chang Dai J, Liang J, Yu J, Ren X, Yi H, Cheng M, Chen Zhang (2017) Biological technologies for the remediation of co-contaminated soil. Crit Rev Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2017.1304357
Zaimoglu Z, Koksal N, Basci N, Kesici M, Gulen H, Budak F (2011) Antioxidative enzyme activities in Brassica juncea L. and Brassica oleracea L. plants under chromium stress. J Food Agric Environ 9(1):676–679
Zhitkovich A (2005) Importance of chromium− DNA adducts in mutagenicity and toxicity of chromium (VI). Chem Res Toxicol 18(1):3–11
Złoch M, Kowalkowski T, Tyburski J, Hrynkiewicz K (2017) Modeling of phytoextraction efficiency of microbially stimulated Salix dasyclados L. in the soils with different speciation of heavy metals. Int J Phytoremedia 19:1150–1164. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2017.1328396
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Das, P.K., Das, B.P. & Dash, P. Chromite mining pollution, environmental impact, toxicity and phytoremediation: a review. Environ Chem Lett 19, 1369–1381 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01102-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01102-w