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Klinische Bedeutung von neuroendokrinen Tumoren

Häufigkeit, Symptome, Diagnose und Stadien und prognostische Faktoren und deren Einfluss auf das Krankheitsmanagement

Clinical significance of neuroendocrine tumors

Incidence, symptoms, diagnosis, stage, and prognostic factors and their influence on disease management

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Neuroendokrine Neoplasien (NEN) sind ein heterogenes Erkrankungsbild, und in den letzten Jahren ist eine zunehmende Inzidenz zu beobachten.

Fragestellung

Überblick über Häufigkeit, Symptomatik, allgemeine Diagnostik, Stadieneinteilung, Bildgebung und prognostische Faktoren und deren Einfluss auf das Krankheitsmanagement.

Material und Methode

Durchsicht der aktuellen Literatur und Guidelines sowie Empfehlungen von Expertinnen und Experten.

Ergebnisse

NEN sind vornehmlich im Gastrointestinaltrakt zu finden. Ihre Inzidenz ist in den letzten Jahren a. e. durch bessere Untersuchungstechniken (funktionelle Schnittbildgebung) gestiegen. Zu den klinischen Charakteristika zählen u. a. Hormonexzesssyndrome, wie das Karzinoidsyndrom. Zur Diagnostik kommen Labormarker wie Chromogranin A zum Einsatz, dem folgen endoskopische und endosonographische Verfahren, u. a. zur Biopsiegewinnung. Zudem sollte eine Ausbreitungsdiagnostik mittels kontrastgestützter Computertomographie (CT)/Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) oder Somatostatinrezeptor(SSTR)-Positronenemissionstomographie(PET)/CT erfolgen. Relevant für die Prognose sind u. a. der Ki67-Proliferationsindex, Art des Primärtumors und das Stadium. Eine Resektion ist im kurativen Setting die Erstlinientherapie. In differenzierten, metastasierten NEN kommen SSTR-gerichtete Therapieoptionen zum Einsatz, während in dedifferenzierten, metastasierten NEN eine klassische Chemotherapie notwendig ist.

Schlussfolgerung

Als heterogene Erkrankungsgruppe wird bei NEN ein breites Portfolio aus diagnostischen Verfahren vorgehalten; diese verbesserte Diagnostik führte auch wahrscheinlich zu einer erhöhten Inzidenz in den letzten Jahren. Prognosebestimmend sind u. a. Ki67 und die Größe/Art des Primarius. Diese Faktoren haben auch Einfluss auf das weitere Management.

Abstract

Background

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) are heterogenous with an increasing incidence in recent years.

Objectives

Overview on incidence, symptoms, diagnostics, grading, imaging and prognostic determinants, including factors having an impact on therapeutic management.

Methods

Review on current literature, including original articles, reviews, guidelines and expert opinions.

Results

NEN are mainly located in the gastrointestinal tract and their incidence has increased in recent years, mainly due to improved diagnostics, e.g., cross-sectional imaging. Clinical characteristics include hormone excess syndromes (carcinoid syndrome). Laboratory markers such as chromogranin A are commonly used as part of routine diagnostics, followed by endoscopic and endosonographic procedures, which also allow biopsies to be obtained. Tumor spread can be determined by contrast-enhanced computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI) or somatostatin receptor (SSRT)-PET/CT (positron emission tomography). Prognostic factors include Ki67 index, type, and grading. Resection with curative intent is the therapy of choice. In a metastasized setting, SSRT-directed treatment approaches are favored, while in dedifferentiated NEN, conventional chemotherapy is needed.

Conclusion

A broad diagnostic armamentarium can be offered to NEN patients and the improved diagnostic procedures have most likely caused a raising incidence in recent years. Among others, prognostic factors are Ki67 and NEN subtypes; these clinical determinants also have an impact on patient management.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Deutschland

    Philipp E. Hartrampf,  Sebastian E. Serfling &  Takahiro Higuchi

  2. Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan

    Takahiro Higuchi

  3. Schwerpunkt Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Ernährungsmedizin, Medizinische Klinik I, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Deutschland

    Jörg Bojunga

  4. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Lehrstuhl für Gastroenterologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstr. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Deutschland

    Alexander Weich

  5. NET Zentrum Würzburg, European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) Centers of Excellence (CoE), Würzburg, Deutschland

    Alexander Weich

  6. Nuklearmedizin, Klinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Universitätsklinikum, Frankfurt, Deutschland

    Rudolf A. Werner

  7. The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Rudolf A. Werner

Authors
  1. Philipp E. Hartrampf
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  2. Sebastian E. Serfling
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  3. Takahiro Higuchi
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  4. Jörg Bojunga
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  5. Alexander Weich
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  6. Rudolf A. Werner
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alexander Weich.

Ethics declarations

Interessenkonflikt

R.A. Werner hat Rednerhonorare von Novartis/AAA und PentixaPharm erhalten und war im Advisory Board von Novartis/AAA und Bayer tätig. AW hat Rednerhonorare von Novartis/AAA erhalten und war im Advisory Board von Novartis/AAA tätig. P.E. Hartrampf, S.E. Serfling, T. Higuchi, J. Bojunga und A. Weich geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autor/-innen keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

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Hinweis des Verlags

Der Verlag bleibt in Hinblick auf geografische Zuordnungen und Gebietsbezeichnungen in veröffentlichten Karten und Institutsadressen neutral.

Gleichwertige Autorenschaft: Dr. med. Alexander Weich, Prof. Dr. med. Rudolf A. Werner.

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Hartrampf, P.E., Serfling, S.E., Higuchi, T. et al. Klinische Bedeutung von neuroendokrinen Tumoren. Radiologie 64, 536–545 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-024-01315-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-024-01315-y

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