The importance of this research stems from its role in revealing a significant part of the politi... more The importance of this research stems from its role in revealing a significant part of the political history of Rhodes Island. This research is also an attempt to provide a model for one of the small political entities that followed the Fourth Crusade in 1204 AD. Moreover, it sheds light on it and inspects its political and economic manifestations. At the same time, this research reflects an example of the political aspiration of one of the aristocratic Byzantine families that managed to establish an independent kingdom in Rhodes
The current research seeks to identify the various reasons of the exile penalty in practice, ... more The current research seeks to identify the various reasons of the exile penalty in practice, whether political, religious or criminal and to discuss the legal provisions related to the exile penalty. The research also aims to answer a number of questions: what were the other penalties associated with the exile penalty? Had such penalties differed from one case to another? And why? Were there any signs of trials before the penalty was imposed? What was its significance? What was the extent of connection between the reason of exile and the exiled person with the destination of exile? Were there specific criteria, or conditions that govern the choice of exile destination?
The research aims to identify the roles played by court interpreters, whether diplomatic, militar... more The research aims to identify the roles played by court interpreters, whether diplomatic, military or judicial. The research also addresses a number of questions: what were the criteria for occupying that job? Was their job permanent or temporary? Had their job been limited to translation or been accompanied with other responsibilities? Did their position differ according to the language they mastered? Were there any indications about their number, wages or clothing? What were the privileges they enjoyed? How influential were they in directing the decisions of the emperor? What extent did their influence reach in the imperial palace, especially in times of conflict of interests between the empire and the native homeland of the interpreter? What was the reaction of the interpreter himself during times of conflict between the Byzantine Empire and his homeland?
The aim of this paper is to characterize and analyze the phenomenon of
asylum betwe... more The aim of this paper is to characterize and analyze the phenomenon of asylum between Byzantines and Seljuks who were in other circumstances mortal enemies. Moreover, it aims to discuss the various reasons found in Greek, Oriental, and Seljuk sources, especially in the light of the apparent contradiction and inconsistency between them. This is to be analyzed through demonstrating asylum models between both parties. I will investigate how both sides exploited the refugees to achieve specific goals, particularly in the light of the military conflict and ideological differences between them and the political changes found in the thirteenth century. The most prominent manifestation of such changes was the Latins’ sack of Constantinople 1204 and the establishment of a Latin empire that lasted for more than half a century. Besides, this study attempts to follow the extent of the success of a refugee in achieving his own objectives, the advantages enjoyed by a refugee, his place of residence, and how his position influenced patterns of behavior, particularly in the cases of some Seljuk sultans, some emperors, and certain prominent Byzantine figures who temporarily sought refuge.
The present research seeks to answer a number of important questions as
follows: How did Manich... more The present research seeks to answer a number of important questions as follows: How did Manichaeism enter Egypt and spread widely in different places? What was the reaction of the church and the state towards that sect? What were the main results of laws applied by emperors against Manichaeans? Was there a relation between the Manichaeans inside Egypt with each other and with their peers in North Africa? What was the role of the Manichaean Ladies who were entitled "Elect", especially after the repeated warnings against their activity in Alexandria? What was the role and effect of translators in the spread of Manichaeism and Manichaean attitude of the most important events in Alexandria?
The importance of this research stems from its role in revealing a significant part of the politi... more The importance of this research stems from its role in revealing a significant part of the political history of Rhodes Island. This research is also an attempt to provide a model for one of the small political entities that followed the Fourth Crusade in 1204 AD. Moreover, it sheds light on it and inspects its political and economic manifestations. At the same time, this research reflects an example of the political aspiration of one of the aristocratic Byzantine families that managed to establish an independent kingdom in Rhodes
The current research seeks to identify the various reasons of the exile penalty in practice, ... more The current research seeks to identify the various reasons of the exile penalty in practice, whether political, religious or criminal and to discuss the legal provisions related to the exile penalty. The research also aims to answer a number of questions: what were the other penalties associated with the exile penalty? Had such penalties differed from one case to another? And why? Were there any signs of trials before the penalty was imposed? What was its significance? What was the extent of connection between the reason of exile and the exiled person with the destination of exile? Were there specific criteria, or conditions that govern the choice of exile destination?
The research aims to identify the roles played by court interpreters, whether diplomatic, militar... more The research aims to identify the roles played by court interpreters, whether diplomatic, military or judicial. The research also addresses a number of questions: what were the criteria for occupying that job? Was their job permanent or temporary? Had their job been limited to translation or been accompanied with other responsibilities? Did their position differ according to the language they mastered? Were there any indications about their number, wages or clothing? What were the privileges they enjoyed? How influential were they in directing the decisions of the emperor? What extent did their influence reach in the imperial palace, especially in times of conflict of interests between the empire and the native homeland of the interpreter? What was the reaction of the interpreter himself during times of conflict between the Byzantine Empire and his homeland?
The aim of this paper is to characterize and analyze the phenomenon of
asylum betwe... more The aim of this paper is to characterize and analyze the phenomenon of asylum between Byzantines and Seljuks who were in other circumstances mortal enemies. Moreover, it aims to discuss the various reasons found in Greek, Oriental, and Seljuk sources, especially in the light of the apparent contradiction and inconsistency between them. This is to be analyzed through demonstrating asylum models between both parties. I will investigate how both sides exploited the refugees to achieve specific goals, particularly in the light of the military conflict and ideological differences between them and the political changes found in the thirteenth century. The most prominent manifestation of such changes was the Latins’ sack of Constantinople 1204 and the establishment of a Latin empire that lasted for more than half a century. Besides, this study attempts to follow the extent of the success of a refugee in achieving his own objectives, the advantages enjoyed by a refugee, his place of residence, and how his position influenced patterns of behavior, particularly in the cases of some Seljuk sultans, some emperors, and certain prominent Byzantine figures who temporarily sought refuge.
The present research seeks to answer a number of important questions as
follows: How did Manich... more The present research seeks to answer a number of important questions as follows: How did Manichaeism enter Egypt and spread widely in different places? What was the reaction of the church and the state towards that sect? What were the main results of laws applied by emperors against Manichaeans? Was there a relation between the Manichaeans inside Egypt with each other and with their peers in North Africa? What was the role of the Manichaean Ladies who were entitled "Elect", especially after the repeated warnings against their activity in Alexandria? What was the role and effect of translators in the spread of Manichaeism and Manichaean attitude of the most important events in Alexandria?
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Moreover, it sheds light on it and inspects its political and economic manifestations. At the same time, this research reflects an example of the political aspiration of one of the aristocratic Byzantine families that managed to establish an independent kingdom in Rhodes
The research also aims to answer a number of questions: what were the other penalties associated with the exile penalty? Had such penalties differed from one case to another? And why? Were there any signs of trials before the penalty was imposed? What was its significance? What was the extent of connection between the reason of exile and the exiled person with the destination of exile? Were there specific criteria, or conditions that govern the choice of exile destination?
asylum between Byzantines and Seljuks who were in other circumstances mortal
enemies. Moreover, it aims to discuss the various reasons found in Greek, Oriental,
and Seljuk sources, especially in the light of the apparent contradiction and
inconsistency between them. This is to be analyzed through demonstrating asylum
models between both parties. I will investigate how both sides exploited the refugees
to achieve specific goals, particularly in the light of the military conflict and
ideological differences between them and the political changes found in the thirteenth
century. The most prominent manifestation of such changes was the Latins’ sack of
Constantinople 1204 and the establishment of a Latin empire that lasted for more than
half a century. Besides, this study attempts to follow the extent of the success of a
refugee in achieving his own objectives, the advantages enjoyed by a refugee, his
place of residence, and how his position influenced patterns of behavior, particularly
in the cases of some Seljuk sultans, some emperors, and certain prominent Byzantine
figures who temporarily sought refuge.
follows: How did Manichaeism enter Egypt and spread widely in different
places? What was the reaction of the church and the state towards that
sect? What were the main results of laws applied by emperors against
Manichaeans? Was there a relation between the Manichaeans inside Egypt
with each other and with their peers in North Africa? What was the role of
the Manichaean Ladies who were entitled "Elect", especially after the
repeated warnings against their activity in Alexandria? What was the role
and effect of translators in the spread of Manichaeism and Manichaean
attitude of the most important events in Alexandria?
Moreover, it sheds light on it and inspects its political and economic manifestations. At the same time, this research reflects an example of the political aspiration of one of the aristocratic Byzantine families that managed to establish an independent kingdom in Rhodes
The research also aims to answer a number of questions: what were the other penalties associated with the exile penalty? Had such penalties differed from one case to another? And why? Were there any signs of trials before the penalty was imposed? What was its significance? What was the extent of connection between the reason of exile and the exiled person with the destination of exile? Were there specific criteria, or conditions that govern the choice of exile destination?
asylum between Byzantines and Seljuks who were in other circumstances mortal
enemies. Moreover, it aims to discuss the various reasons found in Greek, Oriental,
and Seljuk sources, especially in the light of the apparent contradiction and
inconsistency between them. This is to be analyzed through demonstrating asylum
models between both parties. I will investigate how both sides exploited the refugees
to achieve specific goals, particularly in the light of the military conflict and
ideological differences between them and the political changes found in the thirteenth
century. The most prominent manifestation of such changes was the Latins’ sack of
Constantinople 1204 and the establishment of a Latin empire that lasted for more than
half a century. Besides, this study attempts to follow the extent of the success of a
refugee in achieving his own objectives, the advantages enjoyed by a refugee, his
place of residence, and how his position influenced patterns of behavior, particularly
in the cases of some Seljuk sultans, some emperors, and certain prominent Byzantine
figures who temporarily sought refuge.
follows: How did Manichaeism enter Egypt and spread widely in different
places? What was the reaction of the church and the state towards that
sect? What were the main results of laws applied by emperors against
Manichaeans? Was there a relation between the Manichaeans inside Egypt
with each other and with their peers in North Africa? What was the role of
the Manichaean Ladies who were entitled "Elect", especially after the
repeated warnings against their activity in Alexandria? What was the role
and effect of translators in the spread of Manichaeism and Manichaean
attitude of the most important events in Alexandria?