Books by Sabine Reinhold
Archäologie in Eurasien 41, 2023
for a full version please contact the author
Caucasus by Sabine Reinhold
In: S. Maziar/B. Helwing (Hrsg.), Appropriating height. Movement and mobility in highland landsca... more In: S. Maziar/B. Helwing (Hrsg.), Appropriating height. Movement and mobility in highland landscapes of (Leiden 2024) 19–42.
In: J. Schneeweiß/M. Nawroth/H. Piezonka/H. Schwarzberg (Hrsg.), Man sieht nur, was man weiß. Man... more In: J. Schneeweiß/M. Nawroth/H. Piezonka/H. Schwarzberg (Hrsg.), Man sieht nur, was man weiß. Man weiß nur, was man sieht. Globalhistorische Perspektiven auf interkulturelle Phänomene der Mobilität : Festschrift für Hermann Parzinger zum 65. Geburtstag. Prähistorische Archäologie in Südosteuropa 33 (Rahden/Westf. 2024) 449–472.
In: J. Schneeweiß/M. Nawroth/H. Piezonka/H. Schwarzberg (Hrsg.), Man sieht nur, was man weiß. Man... more In: J. Schneeweiß/M. Nawroth/H. Piezonka/H. Schwarzberg (Hrsg.), Man sieht nur, was man weiß. Man weiß nur, was man sieht. Globalhistorische Perspektiven auf interkulturelle Phänomene der Mobilität : Festschrift für Hermann Parzinger zum 65. Geburtstag. Prähistorische Archäologie in Südosteuropa 33 (Rahden/Westf. 2024) 449–472.
Ghalichi, Ayshin, Sabine Reinhold et al. 2024. The Rise and Transformation of Bronze Age Pastoralists in the Caucasus. , 2024
The Caucasus and surrounding areas, with their rich metal resources, became a crucible of the Bro... more The Caucasus and surrounding areas, with their rich metal resources, became a crucible of the Bronze Age 1 and the birthplace of the earliest steppe pastoralist societies 2 . Yet, despite this region having a large influence on the subsequent development of Europe and Asia, questions remain regarding its hunter-gatherer past and its formation of expansionist mobile steppe societies . Here we present new genome-wide data for 131 individuals from 38 archaeological sites spanning 6,000 years. We find a strong genetic differentiation between populations north and south of the Caucasus mountains during the Mesolithic, with Eastern hunter-gatherer ancestry in the north, and a distinct Caucasus hunter-gatherer ancestry 7 with increasing East Anatolian farmer admixture in the south. During the subsequent Eneolithic period, we observe the formation of the characteristic West Eurasian steppe ancestry and heightened interaction between the mountain and steppe regions, facilitated by technological developments of the Maykop cultural complex 8 . By contrast, the peak of pastoralist activities and territorial expansions during the Early and Middle Bronze Age is characterized by long-term genetic stability. The Late Bronze Age marks another period of gene flow from multiple distinct sources that coincides with a decline of steppe cultures, followed by a transformation and absorption of the steppe ancestry into highland populations. The Caucasus region and surrounding areas lie at the interface of Europe and Asia. By the mid-Holocene, the Greater Caucasus Mountain range functioned as a semipermeable barrier through which ideas, technologies, languages and people moved 1 . The wide variety of climate zones in the topographically complex South Caucasus supported a high level of biodiversity, whereas the mountain highlands and hilly piedmont zones in the North Caucasus transitioned into the flat open grasslands of the West Eurasian steppe belt 9 . With its diverse ecologies and rich metal resources, the Caucasus region became a crucible of the Bronze Age (BA) and the birthplace of the earliest steppe pastoralist societies during the fourth millennium bc (ref. 2). The subsequent continental expansions of these steppe pastoralist groups over the next two millennia ultimately reshaped the genetic make-up, languages and cultural trajectories of much of Eurasia 10,11 . However, their emergence out of local hunter-gatherer groups and connections to nascent farming communities in the Fertile Crescent remain poorly understood, as does their ultimate disappearance in the second millennium bc. We report new genome-wide data for 131 individuals from 38 archaeological sites and 84 new radiocarbon dates across and around the Caucasus region, including the piedmont and steppe zones, tripling the available genomic data (Fig. and Supplementary Tables and). The genetic time transect covers about 6,000 years, ranging from the Mesolithic and Neolithic (seventh and sixth millennia bc, n = 7), Eneolithic (fifth millennium bc, n = 11), Late Eneolithic and Early BA (EBA; fourth millennium bc, n = 20), EBA and Middle BA (MBA; third millennium bc, n = 51), to the final MBA and Late BA (LBA; second millennium bc, n = 42; Supplementary Table ). Individuals (n = 26) who did not meet the quality criteria were excluded (Methods). The final dataset for population genetic analyses included 102 unrelated individuals, who were combined with published ancient and modern-day individuals (Supplementary Tables ). First we carried out principal component analysis (PCA) and ADMIX-TURE analysis to qualitatively assess the genetic affinities of the ancient
Reinhold, Sabine. 2024. Chapter 6. Mobile or Settled? Vectors of Economic and Social Amplification Among Pastoral Communities of the Late Bronze Age in the North Caucasus. , 2024
In Mobile Pastoralist Households: Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives, edited by ... more In Mobile Pastoralist Households: Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives, edited by Jean-Luc Houle. 1st ed., 159–90. New York, NY: Berghahn Books Incorporated.
Quaternary International
Bioarchaeological studies provide a valuable contribution to the understanding of the economy and... more Bioarchaeological studies provide a valuable contribution to the understanding of the economy and activities of prehistoric populations in mountain regions. The Late Bronze Age in the Caucasus is an epoch of fundamental transformations that is accompanied by the development of a semi-stationary pastoral economy and ultimately by the emergence of combined mountain agriculture. So far, only a few archaeozoological assemblages from this period have been published. The site of Ransyrt-1 in the North Caucasus offers a substantial collection of bone material from the remains of a mountain sanctuary. Analysis of the animal remains as well as preliminary isotopic analyses of strontium, oxygen, and carbon shed light on animal exploitation at this site. Comparisons with slightly later settlements in the North and South Caucasus illustrate the development of intensive livestock management strategies in the Late Bronze Age in this region at the interface between Southwest Asia and the Eurasian steppe.
Reinhold, Sabine, Andrej B. Belinskij, and Dmitrij S. Korobov. 2023. Mountain Archaeology of the Bronze Age Caucasus – from Vertical Pastoralism to Combined Mountain Economy and Mountain Farming. , 2023
In IEMA Volume 10 - Archaeology of Mountain Landscapes: Interdisciplinary Research Strategies of ... more In IEMA Volume 10 - Archaeology of Mountain Landscapes: Interdisciplinary Research Strategies of Agro-Pastoralism in Upland Regions, edited by Arnau Garcia-Molsosa, 153–77. Buffalo: Sunny Press.
Reinhold, Sabine. 2021. Chronologies for the Koban Culture: Towards the Construction of Supraregional Chronological Horizons in the North Caucasian Early Iron Age. , 2021
This volume contains the results of the "1 st International Conference. Time and Materiality. Per... more This volume contains the results of the "1 st International Conference. Time and Materiality. Periodization and Regional Chronologies at the Transition from Bronze to Iron Age in Eurasia (1200-600 BCE)". This conference took place 19-21 March 2018 at Freie Universität Berlin (FU) and was supported by the Einstein Center Chronoi. It was organized by Prof. Dr. Wolfram Schier and Prof. Dr. Elke Kaiser (both Institute for Prehistoric Archaeology at the FU) as well as Dr. Olga Shcheglova and Dr. Maya Kashuba (both Institute for the History of Material Culture at the Russian Academy of Sciences). The idea for this conference was developed on the basis of joint projects between the two universities in Berlin and Saint Petersburg that took place in 2013 and 2015 as part of the Strategic Partnerships Program at the FU's Center for International Cooperation. basis of periodizations and temporal systematics in various large regions. The transition from the Bronze Age to the initiated a debate on the validity of relative and regional chronologies and their applicability across national borders. The historiographic foundations are periodizations that were established at a relatively early point in time in the late 19 th or early 20 th i.e. under the following main issues: • The transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age can either be seen as a time of upheaval or as a period of continuous development. • the new data framework. • The introduction of a new metal (iron) provides the basis for the distinction of cultural-historical periods. • The possibility of transfer of a periodization designed and established for a certain (major) region to another space. aspects mentioned above and highlighting the particularities of the respective larger areas. Even though some of the that a broad-ranging overview of cultural and historical processes during this period is presented. to thank all reviewers for their constructive criticism that was so important for the realization of this book. Only the print his lecture text here with a few literature additions.
Der Kaukasus zwischen Osteuropa und Vorderem Orient in der Bronze- und Eisenzeit. Dialog der Kulturen, Kultur des Dialoges, 2020
Analysen stabiler Kohlenstoff-und Stickstoffisotope an Skelettmaterial ermöglichen die Rekonstruk... more Analysen stabiler Kohlenstoff-und Stickstoffisotope an Skelettmaterial ermöglichen die Rekonstruktion der Ernährung von Mensch und Tier in der Vergangenheit. Nahe der Stadt Ipatovo, Region Stavropol, Russland, wurde 1998/99 ein Grossgrabhügel (Kurgan) der "Grabhügelgruppe 3" ausgegraben. In Kurgan 2 wurden 195 Gräber erfasst, von denen 34 in die Bronzezeit, d.h. den Zeitraum vom späten 4. bis zum Ende des 2. Jt. v.Chr., datieren. In einer Bachelorarbeit an der Universität Basel wurde die Ernährungsweise der 36 bronzezeitlichen Individuen des Kurgans mit Hilfe von Isotopenanalysen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen für die Früh-und Spätbronzezeit die Tendenz zu einem Mischkonsum von C3und C4-Pflanzen. Entweder wurden C4-Pflanzen direkt konsumiert oder Produkte von Tieren verzehrt, die sich zumindest teilweise von C4-Pflanzen ernährten. Dieser Einfluss ist für die Mittelbronzezeit nicht erkennbar. Die Stickstoffisotopenverhältnisse legen nahe, dass die Produkte terrestrischer Tiere einen Hauptbestandteil der Ernährung ausmachten, wobei ein zusätzlicher Konsum von Süsswasserfisch denkbar ist. Insgesamt gibt es weder zwischen den Geschlechtern noch zwischen Gräbern mit oder ohne aussergewöhnliche Ausstattung auffällige Unterschiede in der Ernährung.
Umweltarchive und Archäologie im Kaukasus: Neue Methoden in der archäologischen Klimaforschung
e-Forschungsberichte des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, 2021-2, § 1-16
Mit dem Herunterladen erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen (h ps://publica ons.dainst.org/terms-o... more Mit dem Herunterladen erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen (h ps://publica ons.dainst.org/terms-of-use) von iDAI.publica ons an. Sofern in dem Dokument nichts anderes ausdrücklich vermerkt ist, gelten folgende Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Nutzung der Inhalte ist ausschließlich privaten Nutzerinnen / Nutzern für den eigenen wissenscha lichen und sons gen privaten Gebrauch gesta et. Sämtliche Texte, Bilder und sons ge Inhalte in diesem Dokument unterliegen dem Schutz des Urheberrechts gemäß dem Urheberrechtsgesetz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Die Inhalte können von Ihnen nur dann genutzt und vervielfäl gt werden, wenn Ihnen dies im Einzelfall durch den Rechteinhaber oder die Schrankenregelungen des Urheberrechts gesta et ist. Jede Art der Nutzung zu gewerblichen Zwecken ist untersagt. Zu den Möglichkeiten einer Lizensierung von Nutzungsrechten wenden Sie sich bi e direkt an die verantwortlichen Herausgeberinnen/Herausgeber der entsprechenden Publika onsorgane oder an die Online-Redak on des Deutschen Archäologischen Ins tuts
Kontaktmodi. Ergebnisse der gemeinsamen Treffen der Arbeitsgruppen "Mobilität und Migration" und "Zonen der Interaktion", (2013-2018). Menschen, Kulturen, Traditionen, 2020
Die Wallanalge von Ransyrt 1 vom Tal des Podkumok aus gesehen, durch das heute eine der wichtigst... more Die Wallanalge von Ransyrt 1 vom Tal des Podkumok aus gesehen, durch das heute eine der wichtigsten Routen zu den Pässen des westlichen Kaukasus führt * Gefördert durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft RE 2688/2.
Interfacing the Past Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Caa95 Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 28 Ii 1996 Isbn 90 73368 10 3 Pags 195 202, 1996
Scientific Reports
pyrotechnology for the prehistoric pottery has been an important subject for the study of ancient... more pyrotechnology for the prehistoric pottery has been an important subject for the study of ancient production technology and technological styles. However, heterogeneous characteristics in chemical and mineralogical compositions and massive amounts of ceramic sherds at most archaeological sites make it difficult to identify production technologies. In this study, SEM-EDS/WDS, XRD and transmittance and reflectance FT-IR techniques were employed step by step, in order to overcome these limitations. the serial combination of each method covers a macro-, meso-and micro-scale and it enabled us to identify the relationship between firing temperature, reducing or oxidizing atmosphere and thermally induced mobility of Ca and Fe. Numerous ceramic pottery sherds from two archaeological sites in the North Caucasus, Ransyrt 1 (Middle-Late Bronze Age) and Kabardinka 2 (Late Bronze/Early Iron Age) were investigated and compared to the ceramics found at Levinsadovka and Saf'janovo around the Sea of Azov, Russia (Late/Final Bronze Age) for this purpose. Morphological changes by sintering and transformation of indicator minerals such as calcite, hematite, spinel, gehlenite, quartz and cis/trans-vacant 1M illite provide temperature thresholds at 675, 700, 750, 950, 1050, 1100, 1300 °C. With the laboratory based FT-IR, vibrational changes in shape, wavenumber and intensity corresponding to Si-O stretching bands yield an order and classification of the ceramics with regard to firing conditions between the samples as well as the unraveling of temperature profiles within a single sample in a 100 µm scale. With this approach, the number of archaeological ceramics could be classified according to the pyrometamorphic transformation of heterogeneous ceramic composite materials. Combined with the archaeological contexts of each site, these results will contribute to the reconstruction of local technological styles.
Uniparentally-inherited markers on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the non-recombining regions of t... more Uniparentally-inherited markers on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the non-recombining regions of the Y chromosome (NRY), have been used for the past 30 years to investigate the history of humans from a maternal and paternal perspective.Researchers have preferred mtDNA due to its abundance in the cells, and comparatively high substitution rate. Conversely, the NRY is less susceptible to back mutations and saturation, and is potentially more informative than mtDNA owing to its longer sequence length. However, due to comparatively poor NRY coverage via shotgun sequencing, and the relatively low and biased representation of Y-chromosome variants on capture arrays such as the 1240K, ancient DNA studies often fail to utilize the unique perspective that the NRY can yield.Here we introduce a new DNA enrichment assay, coined YMCA (Y-mappable capture assay), that targets the “mappable” regions of the NRY. We show that compared to low-coverage shotgun sequencing and 1240K capture, YMCA signific...
Uploads
Books by Sabine Reinhold
Caucasus by Sabine Reinhold
The deadline for submissions to this session is 30th November 2017.
UISPP World Congress. (HOME Commission). Paris. June 2018.
This session aims to explore the nature of ritual sites and sacral landscapes in mountain and upland landscapes worldwide. We welcome contributions from all fields of archaeology, history, anthropology and other relevant fields Contributions can include sites and finds from mountain and upland sites that are relevant to this theme, but might also include evidence from other landscape settings that cast light on human/mountain relations in some way.
Oral presentations in this session will be in English or French. Participation is open for all attendees at the Paris congress, June 2018
The HOME Commission (Human Occupations in Mountain Environments) works to promote archaeological, anthropological and environmental research related to past human activities without any chronological or geographical restrictions. The group compares and shares approaches, methodologies and scientific results among its members and with any other individuals or research groups dealing with topics of interest to the Commission. The commission holds regular meetings and workshops for members and has organised a series of sessions and publications at recent UISPP congresses.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Individuen sich von terrestrischen Tierprodukten und C3-Pflanzen ernährten, wobei einige von ihnen einen Einfluss von C4-Pflanzen in der Ernährung aufweisen. Dieser war bis in die Mittelbronzezeit wahrscheinlich indirekt, d.h. durch den Konsum von Tieren entstanden. Leicht erhöhte Stickstoffwerte könnten bei den meisten Individuen auf klimatischen Einflüssen oder auf den Konsum von aquatischen Produkten beruhen. Während der Spätbronzezeit zeigt sich dagegen wahrscheinlich ein direkter Konsum von C4-Pflanzen, welcher im Zusammenhang mit einer Änderungen der Wirtschaftsweise stehen könnte.
Die Ernährungs der bronzezeitlichen Individuen aus Ipatovo weist keine grossen Unterschiede im Hinblick auf das Geschlecht oder Alter der bestatteten Menschen auf. Insgesamt scheint sie komplex und von verschiedenen Faktoren abhängig gewesen zu sein.
Le Caucase, avec ses vieux volcans (dont le plus haut sommet d’Europe, l’Elbrouz, 5 642 m) et son bassin versant eurasien, est non seulement l’une des terres les plus riches en ressources naturelles (métaux, minéraux, bois) mais aussi un immense observatoire naturel de la santé de nos écosystèmes. Les glaciers du Caucase (au-dessus de 2 300 m) sont particulièrement sensibles au réchauffement actuel : ils perdent jusqu’à 0,7 à 1 % de leur masse totale chaque année. Leur fonte et celle du pergélisol sont responsables de toute la dégradation de l’environnement, provoquant des catastrophes immédiates et lointaines.
Ainsi, au cours des dernières décennies, des coulées de boue et des avalanches de glace ont détruit des agglomérations et des infrastructures essentielles, et modifié le débit des rivières, contribuant à la montée des niveaux de la mer Noire et de la mer Caspienne. Leur fonte totale (estimée vers 2050) aura des conséquences sans précédent, puisque le haut Caucase avec ses glaciers a toujours été le château d’eaux des plaines et vallées adjacentes pendant l’Holocène. La désertification des régions montagneuses et steppiques va s’accentuer, les lacs glaciaires pourraient disparaître, les bassins hydrographiques changeront de forme et d’étendue, ce qui affectera lourdement la biodiversité. La diminution des ressources écosystémiques aura des conséquences catastrophiques sur l’économie humaine et sur la qualité de vie. Avec ces changements naturels, toutes les sociétés humaines seront affectées et certains habitats traditionnels seront abandonnés.