- History and archaeology, Minoan iconography, Minoan art and archaeology, Mediterranean prehistory, Landscape Archaeology, Minoan and Mycenaean economy and administration, and 11 moreAegean Bronze Age (Bronze Age Archaeology), Bronze Age landscape Minoan agricultural mountain installation, Ethnoarchaeology, Minoan Calendar Plant Symbolism, Aegean Prehistory (Archaeology), Aegean Archaeology, Aegean Prehistory, Minoan Crete, Minoan Religion, Greek and Roman botany and horticulture , and History of Perfumesedit
Along the mountain slopes west of Agios Nikolaos (between 600 and 1400 m), over 330 farms of the Minoan Old Palace period and their relationship to the surrounding landscape were studied by the author for her PhD thesis. These Bronze Age... more
Along the mountain slopes west of Agios Nikolaos (between 600 and 1400 m), over 330 farms of the Minoan Old Palace period and their relationship to the surrounding landscape were studied by the author for her PhD thesis. These Bronze Age installations also had – apart from house ruins – well discernible wall-enclosed courtyards and animal folds, in many ways characteristic of mixed agricultural mountain farms until recently. Most of them also had very long (often over 1 km) boundary walls (“perivoloi”). Usually the houses and walls were built using massive stones (“oncolithic masonry”) and are thus often well recognizable until today.
One of the remarkable features of the landscape surrounding these farms, datable (by surface pottery) to have been built between ca. 2000 and 1650 B.C., is a great number of roads and paths (over 140 km in total), often bordered and thus identifiable by these ancient walls on one or two sides, sometimes also furnished with a cobblestone surface and even steps. When drawn on a map these “roads” constitute an intricate network of connections between sites and towards the regions beyond the settled slopes.
In this paper examples of the Minoan roads/paths and their typical landscape features and construction details are discussed, as well as the question what information can be gained by their study, on connectivity in Minoan Protopalatial north-eastern Crete.
One of the remarkable features of the landscape surrounding these farms, datable (by surface pottery) to have been built between ca. 2000 and 1650 B.C., is a great number of roads and paths (over 140 km in total), often bordered and thus identifiable by these ancient walls on one or two sides, sometimes also furnished with a cobblestone surface and even steps. When drawn on a map these “roads” constitute an intricate network of connections between sites and towards the regions beyond the settled slopes.
In this paper examples of the Minoan roads/paths and their typical landscape features and construction details are discussed, as well as the question what information can be gained by their study, on connectivity in Minoan Protopalatial north-eastern Crete.
Research Interests:
In the mountains south of Agios Nikolaos, north-east Crete, the Minoans of the Middle Bronze Age (2000-1650 B.C.) left behind characteristic vernacular ruins, studied in the author's PhD thesis... more
In the mountains south of Agios Nikolaos, north-east Crete, the Minoans of the Middle Bronze Age (2000-1650 B.C.) left behind characteristic vernacular ruins, studied in the author's PhD thesis (http://thesis.ekt.gr/thesisBookReader/id/29129#page/1/mode/2up). The 337 ancient farm sites discovered during this investigation were arranged in a loose settlement pattern. Manifold field-enclosures and animal pen walls surrounded variably sized houses connected by an extensive network of paths. Massive ruins consist of dwelling foundations neutralizing the often steep slope incline they are built upon, so that the original houses would have stood in a horizontal position. Traces of upper structures could only be detected at two sites where fragments of what seemed to be typical Minoan (albeit accidentally fired) mud bricks could be seen. Consequently, it seemed that upper structures must have consisted of unfired mud brick. In 2014 a small experimental house was constructed based on these discoveries. The paper documents some of the findings, events and problems of experimental Middle Minoan vernacular architecture.
Published Online (members only): EXARC Journal 2016/4
http://journal.exarc.net/issue-2016-4/ea/minoan-experimental-house-paying-tribute-middle-bronze-age-cretan-vernacular-architecture
Published Online (members only): EXARC Journal 2016/4
http://journal.exarc.net/issue-2016-4/ea/minoan-experimental-house-paying-tribute-middle-bronze-age-cretan-vernacular-architecture
Research Interests:
"Diktaian" Zeus in eastern Crete, broadening the perspective on ancient myths, modern findings - and how they might improve tourism on the Lasithi plateau. Including the respective interpretation of some Renaissance maps of Crete. Paper... more
"Diktaian" Zeus in eastern Crete, broadening the perspective on ancient myths, modern findings - and how they might improve tourism on the Lasithi plateau. Including the respective interpretation of some Renaissance maps of Crete.
Paper presented at the >>International Symposium “Greek Mythology and Modern Regeneration”<< 31 July-2 August 2015, Psychro, Crete. To be published in Greek as "Αναγέννηση του Δικταίου Δία - μία νέα ματιά στους μύθους του Οροπεδίου Λασιθίου" (Crete University Press)
Paper presented at the >>International Symposium “Greek Mythology and Modern Regeneration”<< 31 July-2 August 2015, Psychro, Crete. To be published in Greek as "Αναγέννηση του Δικταίου Δία - μία νέα ματιά στους μύθους του Οροπεδίου Λασιθίου" (Crete University Press)
Research Interests:
Talk at the 1ο Συνέδριο Αισθητηρίων Οργάνων & Γευσιγνωσίας, Agios Nikolaos 26/9/2015 (Greek Title: Μινωική αρωματοποιΐα). Aromata have a long (pre-)history in Crete. The paper gives some information on the subject together with an account... more
Talk at the 1ο Συνέδριο Αισθητηρίων Οργάνων & Γευσιγνωσίας, Agios Nikolaos 26/9/2015 (Greek Title: Μινωική αρωματοποιΐα).
Aromata have a long (pre-)history in Crete. The paper gives some information on the subject together with an account of the experimental production of a Minoan/Mycenaean style "perfume" (that might well have been seen as medicine or a gift to neighbouring kings in the Bronze Age) that was also distributed to the audience of the talk.
Aromata have a long (pre-)history in Crete. The paper gives some information on the subject together with an account of the experimental production of a Minoan/Mycenaean style "perfume" (that might well have been seen as medicine or a gift to neighbouring kings in the Bronze Age) that was also distributed to the audience of the talk.
Research Interests:
Video of our Minoan mountain house reconstruction, Crete 2014 (Greek with English subtitles) YOUTUBE link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akeKz-5vQV4 Following the examples of the Middle Minoan (ca. 2000-1900 BCE) mountain ruins... more
Video of our Minoan mountain house reconstruction, Crete 2014
(Greek with English subtitles)
YOUTUBE link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akeKz-5vQV4
Following the examples of the Middle Minoan (ca. 2000-1900 BCE) mountain ruins studied by Sabine Beckmann (University of Crete 2012) we tried to build the reconstruction of a house as it might have stood in the Cretan mountains ca. 4000 years ago. Sitting on a massive stone foundation, unfired mud brick, clay, timber and other plant material (straw, chaff, reeds) were used to build a small house, adopting Cretan traditional building styles where no or too little information is available from archaeological sources. The experiment continues and shall provide basic knowledge for the house reconstruction planned for Kroustas Forest Historical Landscape Park. (For more about the park see www.kroustas-park.gr ).
More details on the background see video (press “pause” if the text slides in the beginning move too fast).
(Greek with English subtitles)
YOUTUBE link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akeKz-5vQV4
Following the examples of the Middle Minoan (ca. 2000-1900 BCE) mountain ruins studied by Sabine Beckmann (University of Crete 2012) we tried to build the reconstruction of a house as it might have stood in the Cretan mountains ca. 4000 years ago. Sitting on a massive stone foundation, unfired mud brick, clay, timber and other plant material (straw, chaff, reeds) were used to build a small house, adopting Cretan traditional building styles where no or too little information is available from archaeological sources. The experiment continues and shall provide basic knowledge for the house reconstruction planned for Kroustas Forest Historical Landscape Park. (For more about the park see www.kroustas-park.gr ).
More details on the background see video (press “pause” if the text slides in the beginning move too fast).
Research Interests:
Discussion of Middle Minoan enclosure walls in the mountains south of Agios Nikolaos. The volume is the outcome of collaborative European research among archaeologists, archaeobotanists, ethnographers, historians and agronomists, and... more
Discussion of Middle Minoan enclosure walls in the mountains south of Agios Nikolaos.
The volume is the outcome of collaborative European research among archaeologists, archaeobotanists, ethnographers, historians and agronomists, and frequently uses experiments in archaeology. It aims to establish new common ground for integrating different approaches and for viewing agriculture from the standpoint of the human actors involved. Each chapter provides an interdisciplinary overview of the skills used and the social context of the pursuit of agriculture, highlighting examples of tools, technologies and processes from land clearance to cereal processing and food preparation. This is part of the second of three volumes in the EARTH monograph series, The dynamics of non-industrial agriculture: 8,000 years of resilience and innovation , which shows the great variety of agricultural practices in human terms, in their social, political, cultural and legal contexts.
The volume is the outcome of collaborative European research among archaeologists, archaeobotanists, ethnographers, historians and agronomists, and frequently uses experiments in archaeology. It aims to establish new common ground for integrating different approaches and for viewing agriculture from the standpoint of the human actors involved. Each chapter provides an interdisciplinary overview of the skills used and the social context of the pursuit of agriculture, highlighting examples of tools, technologies and processes from land clearance to cereal processing and food preparation. This is part of the second of three volumes in the EARTH monograph series, The dynamics of non-industrial agriculture: 8,000 years of resilience and innovation , which shows the great variety of agricultural practices in human terms, in their social, political, cultural and legal contexts.
Research Interests:
Watch the video with English subtitles at :
http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=duezvuTenV4
http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=duezvuTenV4
Over 300 dwelling sites in the mountains of north-east Crete (Agios Nikolaos), datable (by surface pottery and lithics) mainly to the Middle Bronze Age (the Minoan Protopalatial period, ca.2000-1650 BCE) were discovered and studied.... more
Over 300 dwelling sites in the mountains of north-east Crete (Agios Nikolaos), datable (by surface pottery and lithics) mainly to the Middle Bronze Age (the Minoan Protopalatial period, ca.2000-1650 BCE) were discovered and studied.
Sites were isolated but not more than 300 m (average) apart from each other and interconnected with a network of paths. Most ruin foundations were built with massive block masonry (named “oncolithic” in this study), while long enclosure-walls claimed areas of several thousand square meters (up to 6 hectares) for each habitation, including arable and rocky land. The setting and massive construction of these enclosures, (originally more than a meter high and with a total length of ca 150 km), show that they belonged to the sites. These features were mapped with GPS and used for the GIS study of land use and topography.
Archaeologists in the past believed a few of the then known sites (ca. 5, while enclosures and connecting paths were unknown) situated on the old roads, to have been defensible forts or watch-towers because of their so-called “monumental” or “Cyclopean” masonry, but this study shows that the massive settlement including landscape opening (landnam) and structuring (covering an area of ca. 30 sqkm min.) must have been used for mixed agriculture/animal husbandry.
The area has been re-used by mixed agriculture (emphasis on pastoral economy) from the second half of the 19th century. Data gained from ethnoarchaeological study are used to corroborate and classify archaeological findings.
Sites were isolated but not more than 300 m (average) apart from each other and interconnected with a network of paths. Most ruin foundations were built with massive block masonry (named “oncolithic” in this study), while long enclosure-walls claimed areas of several thousand square meters (up to 6 hectares) for each habitation, including arable and rocky land. The setting and massive construction of these enclosures, (originally more than a meter high and with a total length of ca 150 km), show that they belonged to the sites. These features were mapped with GPS and used for the GIS study of land use and topography.
Archaeologists in the past believed a few of the then known sites (ca. 5, while enclosures and connecting paths were unknown) situated on the old roads, to have been defensible forts or watch-towers because of their so-called “monumental” or “Cyclopean” masonry, but this study shows that the massive settlement including landscape opening (landnam) and structuring (covering an area of ca. 30 sqkm min.) must have been used for mixed agriculture/animal husbandry.
The area has been re-used by mixed agriculture (emphasis on pastoral economy) from the second half of the 19th century. Data gained from ethnoarchaeological study are used to corroborate and classify archaeological findings.
Research Interests:
Although the terebinth plays a rather insignificant role in modern times, it must have been one of the most important trees in the Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean. Archaeologists, archaeobotanists and chemists find its resin’s aromatic... more
Although the terebinth plays a rather insignificant role in modern times, it must have been one of the most important trees in the
Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean. Archaeologists, archaeobotanists and chemists find its resin’s aromatic traces in wrecks and sherds while its name’s roots reach down into forgotten strata of early Eastern Mediterranean languages.
With the help of this information combined, the tree’s symbolical function can be shown to have had connections with chthonic
spheres in beliefs including the power of growth, death and its transition, and the color red symbolizing life-energy, elements
that would have been applied in rites of fertility. The hidden meaning of the plant’s early name and distant memories of its
medical and mythological/cultic importance can give us hints to understand archaeological findings. From all these follows
the conclusion that terebinth must have been one of the central plant symbols in Aegean Bronze Age cults of ritual purification.
Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean. Archaeologists, archaeobotanists and chemists find its resin’s aromatic traces in wrecks and sherds while its name’s roots reach down into forgotten strata of early Eastern Mediterranean languages.
With the help of this information combined, the tree’s symbolical function can be shown to have had connections with chthonic
spheres in beliefs including the power of growth, death and its transition, and the color red symbolizing life-energy, elements
that would have been applied in rites of fertility. The hidden meaning of the plant’s early name and distant memories of its
medical and mythological/cultic importance can give us hints to understand archaeological findings. From all these follows
the conclusion that terebinth must have been one of the central plant symbols in Aegean Bronze Age cults of ritual purification.
In the mountains of north-east Crete, over 300 dwelling sites, datable mainly to the Middle Bronze Age were arranged isolated but not more than 300 m (average) apart, interconnected with a network of paths also including caves and wells.... more
In the mountains of north-east Crete, over 300 dwelling sites, datable mainly to the Middle Bronze Age were arranged isolated but not more than 300 m (average) apart, interconnected with a network of paths also including caves and wells. Many ruin foundations were built with massive block masonry, long enclosure-walls claim areas of several thousand sqm for each habitation, including arable and rocky land. The setting and massive construction of these enclosures, originally more than a meter high (total length ca 150 km), show that they belonged to the sites. Archaeologists in the past saw a few of the then known sites (while enclosures and connecting paths were unknown) situated on the old roads, as defensible forts or watch-towers because of their so-called “Cyclopean” masonry.
Landscape opening and structuring of this settlement phase covers an area of ca. 30 sq km (at least), studied in the author’s ongoing PhD thesis. Few earlier traces of land use or settlement can be seen in the area, but not long after the change of climate from ca. 2200 BCE this region became attractive more or less in a rush, to be mostly abandoned again after a few centuries.
The area shows hardly any traces of settlement until re-use by mixed agriculture (emphasis on pastoral ecomomy) from the second half of the 19th century.
Landscape opening and structuring of this settlement phase covers an area of ca. 30 sq km (at least), studied in the author’s ongoing PhD thesis. Few earlier traces of land use or settlement can be seen in the area, but not long after the change of climate from ca. 2200 BCE this region became attractive more or less in a rush, to be mostly abandoned again after a few centuries.
The area shows hardly any traces of settlement until re-use by mixed agriculture (emphasis on pastoral ecomomy) from the second half of the 19th century.
Research Interests:
Plants and flowers depicted in Minoan art didn't have just a decorative, but a calendrical and spiritual function, as e.g. visible in the “Blue Bird Fresco” (Knossos) that shows a synopsis of a whole year cycle: Crocus/saffron standing... more
Plants and flowers depicted in Minoan art didn't have just a decorative, but a calendrical and spiritual function, as e.g. visible in the “Blue Bird Fresco” (Knossos) that shows a synopsis of a whole year cycle: Crocus/saffron standing for the renewal of nature/life in autumn (not spring, as usually suggested!) after the first rains; Iris unguicularis for the end of winter and sowing time; Lilium candidum for a time of passage before harvest and the dry death of nature in summer; pomegranate for beginning and end of summer/autumn, surviving draught and death until the beginning of the next year cycle; mint for the height of summer and the importance of knowing humid places for agriculture in a country with months without rain. Additionally these plants must also have been used as remedies to support human fertility and health throughout the seasonal cycle - or rather spiral, because the passing of time was not seen as a return to the same spot but as a continuous flow from (re-)birth through life to death and beyond.
Some basically important calendrical moments for agriculture – as beginning and end of the time the soil is arable and humid enough for sowing, or harvest – could thus be integrated into a wider symbolism of life, together providing a mythical context for spiritual and practical living.
Some basically important calendrical moments for agriculture – as beginning and end of the time the soil is arable and humid enough for sowing, or harvest – could thus be integrated into a wider symbolism of life, together providing a mythical context for spiritual and practical living.
Research Interests:
Discussion of a possible function of the Minoan wall painting of the "Blue Bird" (Knossos) as agricultural calendar. The volume is the outcome of collaborative European research among archaeologists, archaeobotanists, ethnographers,... more
Discussion of a possible function of the Minoan wall painting of the "Blue Bird" (Knossos) as agricultural calendar.
The volume is the outcome of collaborative European research among archaeologists, archaeobotanists, ethnographers, historians and agronomists, and frequently uses experiments in archaeology. It aims to establish new common ground for integrating different approaches and for viewing agriculture from the standpoint of the human actors involved. Each chapter provides an interdisciplinary overview of the skills used and the social context of the pursuit of agriculture, highlighting examples of tools, technologies and processes from land clearance to cereal processing and food preparation. This is part of the second of three volumes in the EARTH monograph series, The dynamics of non-industrial agriculture: 8,000 years of resilience and innovation , which shows the great variety of agricultural practices in human terms, in their social, political, cultural and legal contexts.
The volume is the outcome of collaborative European research among archaeologists, archaeobotanists, ethnographers, historians and agronomists, and frequently uses experiments in archaeology. It aims to establish new common ground for integrating different approaches and for viewing agriculture from the standpoint of the human actors involved. Each chapter provides an interdisciplinary overview of the skills used and the social context of the pursuit of agriculture, highlighting examples of tools, technologies and processes from land clearance to cereal processing and food preparation. This is part of the second of three volumes in the EARTH monograph series, The dynamics of non-industrial agriculture: 8,000 years of resilience and innovation , which shows the great variety of agricultural practices in human terms, in their social, political, cultural and legal contexts.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Beckmann, S. "Trekking and tracking - GIS and Minoan land use: between landscape and computer screen. In Papadopoulos et al. Archaeological Research in the Digital Age Proceedings of the 1 st Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA-GR) 3/2014. Rethymnon 2015.more
The author’s topographical research in the mountains above Agios Nikolaos, Crete, has led to the discovery of over 330 Minoan agricultural sites, datable to the Middle Bronze Age (2000–1700 BCE). With the help of GIS, habitation ruins,... more
The author’s topographical research in the mountains above Agios Nikolaos, Crete, has led to the discovery of over 330 Minoan agricultural sites, datable to the Middle Bronze Age (2000–1700 BCE). With the help of GIS, habitation ruins, enclosure walls and connecting roads have been mapped, and their function as farming installations for mixed agriculture and animal husbandry (including herding of ovicaprids and bee keeping), as well as their possible land use potential could be determined. The paper shows the methods and results of this study.
Research Interests:
Agricultural processes involved before bread baking in pre-industrial Crete. (NOTE: Some of the figures are corrected from the faulty ones in the book!) The volume is the outcome of collaborative European research among archaeologists,... more
Agricultural processes involved before bread baking in pre-industrial Crete. (NOTE: Some of the figures are corrected from the faulty ones in the book!)
The volume is the outcome of collaborative European research among archaeologists, archaeobotanists, ethnographers, historians and agronomists, and frequently uses experiments in archaeology. It aims to establish new common ground for integrating different approaches and for viewing agriculture from the standpoint of the human actors involved. Each chapter provides an interdisciplinary overview of the skills used and the social context of the pursuit of agriculture, highlighting examples of tools, technologies and processes from land clearance to cereal processing and food preparation. This is part of the second of three volumes in the EARTH monograph series, The dynamics of non-industrial agriculture: 8,000 years of resilience and innovation , which shows the great variety of agricultural practices in human terms, in their social, political, cultural and legal contexts.
The volume is the outcome of collaborative European research among archaeologists, archaeobotanists, ethnographers, historians and agronomists, and frequently uses experiments in archaeology. It aims to establish new common ground for integrating different approaches and for viewing agriculture from the standpoint of the human actors involved. Each chapter provides an interdisciplinary overview of the skills used and the social context of the pursuit of agriculture, highlighting examples of tools, technologies and processes from land clearance to cereal processing and food preparation. This is part of the second of three volumes in the EARTH monograph series, The dynamics of non-industrial agriculture: 8,000 years of resilience and innovation , which shows the great variety of agricultural practices in human terms, in their social, political, cultural and legal contexts.
Research Interests:
Discussion of threshing sledges in pre-industrial Crete. The volume is the outcome of collaborative European research among archaeologists, archaeobotanists, ethnographers, historians and agronomists, and frequently uses experiments in... more
Discussion of threshing sledges in pre-industrial Crete.
The volume is the outcome of collaborative European research among archaeologists, archaeobotanists, ethnographers, historians and agronomists, and frequently uses experiments in archaeology. It aims to establish new common ground for integrating different approaches and for viewing agriculture from the standpoint of the human actors involved. Each chapter provides an interdisciplinary overview of the skills used and the social context of the pursuit of agriculture, highlighting examples of tools, technologies and processes from land clearance to cereal processing and food preparation. This is part of the second of three volumes in the EARTH monograph series, The dynamics of non-industrial agriculture: 8,000 years of resilience and innovation , which shows the great variety of agricultural practices in human terms, in their social, political, cultural and legal contexts.
The volume is the outcome of collaborative European research among archaeologists, archaeobotanists, ethnographers, historians and agronomists, and frequently uses experiments in archaeology. It aims to establish new common ground for integrating different approaches and for viewing agriculture from the standpoint of the human actors involved. Each chapter provides an interdisciplinary overview of the skills used and the social context of the pursuit of agriculture, highlighting examples of tools, technologies and processes from land clearance to cereal processing and food preparation. This is part of the second of three volumes in the EARTH monograph series, The dynamics of non-industrial agriculture: 8,000 years of resilience and innovation , which shows the great variety of agricultural practices in human terms, in their social, political, cultural and legal contexts.
Research Interests:
The application of GIS in archaeological studies by a non-specialist - like most archaeologists - usually presupposes a lot of money and a slow learning curve. But GIS doesn't necessarily need rich funding, special education or the hired... more
The application of GIS in archaeological studies by a non-specialist - like most archaeologists - usually presupposes a lot of money and a slow learning curve. But GIS doesn't necessarily need rich funding, special education or the hired help of specialists. The traditionally used methods for data presentation or publication - simple maps, graphs and sketches in printed media, for cost reasons mostly black and white - can be much enhanced by applying GIS features like coloured and 3-D maps, 3-D models, together with coloured photographs and virtual reality tools and their combinations.
Fast to learn and cheap but effective mapping and design programs can be used by archaeologists to achieve better results for understanding and presenting archaeological data. The case study employed in the examples shows the multiple uses of such features in the author’s ongoing PhD study of Minoan mountain sites with their enclosure walls, connecting roads and thus attributable field plots. Archaeological data are mapped with a simple GPS unit and two easy to learn mapping programs, the total cost of which are under 500 Euros
Fast to learn and cheap but effective mapping and design programs can be used by archaeologists to achieve better results for understanding and presenting archaeological data. The case study employed in the examples shows the multiple uses of such features in the author’s ongoing PhD study of Minoan mountain sites with their enclosure walls, connecting roads and thus attributable field plots. Archaeological data are mapped with a simple GPS unit and two easy to learn mapping programs, the total cost of which are under 500 Euros
Research Interests:
Στα βουνά (500-1200 μ) της βορειοανατολικής Κρήτης (περιοχή Αγίου Νικολάου) εντοπίστηκαν περισσότερα από 330 διάσπαρτα σημεία κατοίκησης, χρονολογούμενα κυρίως στη Μινωϊκή Παλαιοανακτορική περίοδο, (2.000-1.650 π.Χ. περίπου),... more
Στα βουνά (500-1200 μ) της βορειοανατολικής Κρήτης (περιοχή Αγίου Νικολάου) εντοπίστηκαν περισσότερα από 330 διάσπαρτα σημεία κατοίκησης, χρονολογούμενα κυρίως στη Μινωϊκή Παλαιοανακτορική περίοδο, (2.000-1.650 π.Χ. περίπου), αλληλοσυνδεδεμένα μ' ένα δίκτυο οδικών προσβάσεων που συμπεριλαμβάνει επίσης σπήλαια και πηγάδια. Τα περισσότερα θεμέλια των τόπων κατοίκησης ήταν κτισμένα με ογκολιθική τοιχοποϊία. Μακρείς περίβολοι περικλείναν για καθεμία απ’ αυτές τις θέσεις κατοίκησης μια περιοχή 3 έως 6 περίπου εκταρίων, εγκλείοντας τόσο αρόσιμη όσο και βραχώδη γή στα όρια τους. Η τοποθέτηση και η ογκολιθική κατασκευή αυτών των περιβόλων (αρχικά υψηλότεροι από 1 μέτρο και με συνολικό μήκος 150 χλμ περίπου) καταδεικνύουν σαν αναμφισβήτητο γεγονός το ότι ανήκουν στις προαναφερθείσες θέσεις κατοίκησης. Οι περίβολοι είναι συχνά τοποθετημένοι μεταξύ τους με τέτοιο τρόπο ώστε να αφήνουν ακριβώς αρκετό διάστημα ανάμεσα τους για πέρασμα.
Research Interests:
This book traces the socioeconomic and political development of the Galatas area and its relations with other areas of Crete during the Neolithic–Ottoman periods. Two powerful rival centers in Crete, Knossos/Herakleion and... more
This book traces the socioeconomic and political development of the Galatas area and its relations with other areas of Crete during the Neolithic–Ottoman periods. Two powerful rival centers in Crete, Knossos/Herakleion and Kastelli/Lyttos, brought the Galatas area under their control at various times in history. The changes in local socioeconomic and political conditions are documented as Galatas came under the direct control of states elsewhere in Crete and overseas.
For short introductions to the chapters see:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1wrpwkj
For short introductions to the chapters see:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1wrpwkj
Research Interests: Aegean Bronze Age (Bronze Age Archaeology), Archaeology of Crete, Crete during the Venetian Rule, Roman Crete, Hellenistic Crete, and 10 moreMinoan Crete, Late Roman and Byzantine Crete, History of Archaic and Classical Crete, Neolithic Crete, History of Crete, Archaic Crete, Ottoman Crete, Archaeological Surface Survey, Hellenistic and Roman Crete, and Pre-industrial life in Crete
This book traces the socioeconomic and political development of the Galatas area and its relations with other areas of Crete during the Neolithic–Ottoman periods. Two powerful rival centers in Crete, Knossos/Herakleion and... more
This book traces the socioeconomic and political development of the Galatas area and its relations with other areas of Crete during the Neolithic–Ottoman periods. Two powerful rival centers in Crete, Knossos/Herakleion and Kastelli/Lyttos, brought the Galatas area under their control at various times in history. The changes in local socioeconomic and political conditions are documented as Galatas came under the direct control of states elsewhere in Crete and overseas.
Contents: PART I. The Galatas Project and Its Natural Environment. 1. Field Survey, by L. Vance Watrous; 2. Survey Area, by L. Vance Watrous; 3. Geological Implications of the Broader Galatas Region, by Eleni Kokinou, Pantelis Soupios, and Apostolos Sarris; 4. Pre-Industrial Life in the Galatas Area, by Sabine Beckmann. PART II. Prehistoric Settlement and Society; 5. First Settlers, by D. Matthew Buell; 6. Prepalatial Growth in Social Complexity, by D. Matthew Buell; 7. Emergence of a Stratified Society, by L. Vance Watrous; 8. The Excavation of the Minoan Palace and Town of Galatas, by Georgos Rethemiotakis; 9. Building a Minoan State at Neopalatial Galatas, by D. Matthew Buell; 10. Collapse and Retraction, by D. Matthew Buell and Lee Ann Turner. PART III. Historical Settlement and Society. 11. Population Reduction and a Polis, by Lee Ann Turner; 12. Population Retraction during the Hellenistic Period, by Scott Gallimore; 13. Abandonment and Assimilation in the Roman Period, by Scott Gallimore; 14. An Imperial Territory, by Mark D. Hammond. PART IV. Conclusion. 15. Final Perspectives, by L. Vance Watrous; PART V. Appendices. Appendix A. Register of Sites, by Kapua Iao; Appendix B. Prehistoric Pottery, by L. Vance Watrous and Amy Heimroth; Appendix C. Ground and Chipped Stone Artifacts, by D. Matthew Buell; Appendix D. A Neolithic Pendant, by Sabine Beckmann; Appendix E. A Neopalatial Sealing, by Sabine Beckmann; Appendix F. Protogeometric to Hellenistic Pottery, by Brice Erickson; Appendix G. Early to Late Roman Pottery, by Scott Gallimore; Appendix H. Byzantine to Ottoman Pottery, by Mark D. Hammond; Appendix I. A New History of Pottery Production in Thrapsano, by Mark D. Hammond; References; Index; Tables; Figures; and Plates.
Hardback: 464 pp., 20 tables, 37 B/W figs, 69 B/W pls.
(Prehistory Monographs 55, INSTAP Academic Press, 2017)
ISBN 978-1-931534-89-5
Contents: PART I. The Galatas Project and Its Natural Environment. 1. Field Survey, by L. Vance Watrous; 2. Survey Area, by L. Vance Watrous; 3. Geological Implications of the Broader Galatas Region, by Eleni Kokinou, Pantelis Soupios, and Apostolos Sarris; 4. Pre-Industrial Life in the Galatas Area, by Sabine Beckmann. PART II. Prehistoric Settlement and Society; 5. First Settlers, by D. Matthew Buell; 6. Prepalatial Growth in Social Complexity, by D. Matthew Buell; 7. Emergence of a Stratified Society, by L. Vance Watrous; 8. The Excavation of the Minoan Palace and Town of Galatas, by Georgos Rethemiotakis; 9. Building a Minoan State at Neopalatial Galatas, by D. Matthew Buell; 10. Collapse and Retraction, by D. Matthew Buell and Lee Ann Turner. PART III. Historical Settlement and Society. 11. Population Reduction and a Polis, by Lee Ann Turner; 12. Population Retraction during the Hellenistic Period, by Scott Gallimore; 13. Abandonment and Assimilation in the Roman Period, by Scott Gallimore; 14. An Imperial Territory, by Mark D. Hammond. PART IV. Conclusion. 15. Final Perspectives, by L. Vance Watrous; PART V. Appendices. Appendix A. Register of Sites, by Kapua Iao; Appendix B. Prehistoric Pottery, by L. Vance Watrous and Amy Heimroth; Appendix C. Ground and Chipped Stone Artifacts, by D. Matthew Buell; Appendix D. A Neolithic Pendant, by Sabine Beckmann; Appendix E. A Neopalatial Sealing, by Sabine Beckmann; Appendix F. Protogeometric to Hellenistic Pottery, by Brice Erickson; Appendix G. Early to Late Roman Pottery, by Scott Gallimore; Appendix H. Byzantine to Ottoman Pottery, by Mark D. Hammond; Appendix I. A New History of Pottery Production in Thrapsano, by Mark D. Hammond; References; Index; Tables; Figures; and Plates.
Hardback: 464 pp., 20 tables, 37 B/W figs, 69 B/W pls.
(Prehistory Monographs 55, INSTAP Academic Press, 2017)
ISBN 978-1-931534-89-5