La producción y el consumo mundial de hongos comestibles ha aumentado notablemente durante las últimas dos décadas, y si bien en la Argentina la producción ha comenzado en la decada de 1940, no tuvo un crecimiento importante. A partir de... more
La producción y el consumo mundial de hongos comestibles ha aumentado notablemente durante las últimas dos décadas, y si bien en la Argentina la producción ha comenzado en la decada de 1940, no tuvo un crecimiento importante. A partir de 1980s las instituciones universitarias abordaron el tema de la producción en el país desde un enfoque científico tecnológico con nuevas propuestas y con el dictado de cursos y propuestas novedosas.
- by Bernardo Lechner and +1
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En los últimos años, el mercado de los nutra y nutricéuticos ha tenido un marcado crecimiento, sobre todo a partir de la toma de conciencia de los consumidores de la eficacia de los mismos en la prevención y tratamiento de enfermedades.... more
En los últimos años, el mercado de los nutra y nutricéuticos ha tenido un marcado crecimiento, sobre todo a partir de la toma de conciencia de los consumidores de la eficacia de los mismos en la prevención y tratamiento de enfermedades. Ganoderma lucidum es un Basidiomycete conocido desde hace 2.000 años por sus propiedades medicinales. Este hongo produce numerosos compuestos bioactivos, que han sido extensamente estudiados y aplicados en la elaboración de alimentos funcionales, suplementos dietarios y fitoterápicos. Actualmente, la producción mundial de este hongo es aproximadamente de 6.000 toneladas y las últimas estimaciones disponibles colocan el valor anual de los productos de G. lucidum en más de US$ 2.500 millones. Sin embargo, en Argentina no existe producción industrial, comercialización, ni desarrollo de productos a base de Reishi. Este hongo puede ser cultivado en sustratos sólidos sintéticos formulados a base de diferentes residuos agro-industriales. Usualmente, su cult...
- by Ramiro González-Matute and +5
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Se estudió la biodegradación de paja y cascarilla de arroz para la producción de un hongo medicinal con importante valor de mercado: G. lucidum. Seguidamente, y con el fin de incrementar la rentabilidad del proceso, se evaluó la... more
Se estudió la biodegradación de paja y cascarilla de arroz para la producción de un hongo medicinal con importante valor de mercado: G. lucidum. Seguidamente, y con el fin de incrementar la rentabilidad del proceso, se evaluó la factibilidad del uso del sustrato residual como fuente de enzimas la casas. El análisis de crecimiento se realizó empleando el sistema de fermentación en estado sólido. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron en formulaciones que contenían 57-69% paja de arroz, 25-30% cascarilla de arroz, 5-10% salvado de arroz y 0-1% de aceite de oliva. A continuación, se seleccionó la mejor formulación para estudiar los rendimientos de hongos en condiciones de escala piloto, esto es: condiciones que replican la realidad técnica y operativa de una unidad productiva modelo en una pequeña o mediana empresa. Los mayores rendimientos se obtuvieron con el empleo de 8% de tasa de inoculación (vs. 5%) y con el uso de 1% de aceite de oliva como suplemento (vs. 0%). De esta manera, se ...
- by Ramiro González-Matute and +3
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Ammonia suppressants are applied to chicken litter to decrease ammonia levels. And mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) producers use poultry litter to increase the nitrogen in the compost. To determine the influence of ammonia suppressants used... more
Ammonia suppressants are applied to chicken litter to decrease ammonia levels. And mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) producers
use poultry litter to increase the nitrogen in the compost. To determine the influence of ammonia suppressants used in poultry litter
on compost preparation and mushroom production, four mushroom crops were cultivated from compost prepared using litter treated
with PLT, Barn Fresh and Impact-P at 25.22 kg/100 m2, 40 kg/100 m2, and 0.49 kg/100 m2, respectively, during the poultry production
process. In general, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were noted between treatments for total nitrogen, ammonia, pH,
EC, ash, and moisture when compost or the headspace air was sampled during compost preparation throughout all stages. Nor were
mushroom yields or counts significantly affected (P > 0.05) by the presence of ammonia suppressants in the poultry litter. Thus, the
mushroom industry can confidently use poultry litter amended Danny Lee Rinkerwith PLT, Impact-P, and Barn Fresh when used at the recommended
rates.
use poultry litter to increase the nitrogen in the compost. To determine the influence of ammonia suppressants used in poultry litter
on compost preparation and mushroom production, four mushroom crops were cultivated from compost prepared using litter treated
with PLT, Barn Fresh and Impact-P at 25.22 kg/100 m2, 40 kg/100 m2, and 0.49 kg/100 m2, respectively, during the poultry production
process. In general, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were noted between treatments for total nitrogen, ammonia, pH,
EC, ash, and moisture when compost or the headspace air was sampled during compost preparation throughout all stages. Nor were
mushroom yields or counts significantly affected (P > 0.05) by the presence of ammonia suppressants in the poultry litter. Thus, the
mushroom industry can confidently use poultry litter amended Danny Lee Rinkerwith PLT, Impact-P, and Barn Fresh when used at the recommended
rates.
- by Ramiro González-Matute and +1
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- Mushroom production
Sunflower seed hull, an abundant and cheap by-product of the edible oil industry, was used as a substrate for growing Schizophyllum commune. Mushroom mycelial growth rate on substrates prepared with sunflower seed hull, in absence or... more
Sunflower seed hull, an abundant and cheap by-product of the edible oil industry, was used as a substrate for growing Schizophyllum commune. Mushroom mycelial growth rate on substrates prepared with sunflower seed hull, in absence or presence of supplements (barley, wheat bran, sunflower or olive oil), was evaluated. The growth analysis on sunflower seed hull (37.5%, wet weight) substrate showed a mycelial run length of 3.8 cm in seven days. In comparison, supplementation with either wheat bran [3.75%, 7.5% (w/w)], barley [3.75%, 7.5% (w/w)], or 1% vegetal oils (sunflower
or olive oil) improved, but showed no significant differences on mycelial growth. A production assay on sunflower seed hull synthetic logs, in absence or presence of wheat bran, was done to evaluate the mushroom production yield for a three harvest cycle. Accumulated biological efficiency and productivity on sunflower seed hull based substrate containing 7.5% (w/w) wheat bran (biological efficiency= 48.3%, productivity= 1.6% day-1) were significantly greater than those obtained on sunflower seed hull substrate (biological efficiency= 40.7%, productivity= 1.1% day-1). Thus,
sunflower seed hull can be used as the main energy and nutritional source in the formulation of a substrate for cultivating S. commune, and supplementation with
wheat bran significantly improves mushroom yield.
or olive oil) improved, but showed no significant differences on mycelial growth. A production assay on sunflower seed hull synthetic logs, in absence or presence of wheat bran, was done to evaluate the mushroom production yield for a three harvest cycle. Accumulated biological efficiency and productivity on sunflower seed hull based substrate containing 7.5% (w/w) wheat bran (biological efficiency= 48.3%, productivity= 1.6% day-1) were significantly greater than those obtained on sunflower seed hull substrate (biological efficiency= 40.7%, productivity= 1.1% day-1). Thus,
sunflower seed hull can be used as the main energy and nutritional source in the formulation of a substrate for cultivating S. commune, and supplementation with
wheat bran significantly improves mushroom yield.
El hongo comestible A. brasiliensis es autóctono de las regiones subtropicales de Brasil y se caracteriza por ser rico en proteínas, carbohidratos, fibras dietéticas, lípidos y vitaminas. Asimismo tiene valor adaptógeno, es estimulante... more
El hongo comestible A. brasiliensis es autóctono de las regiones subtropicales de Brasil y se caracteriza por ser rico en proteínas, carbohidratos, fibras dietéticas, lípidos y vitaminas. Asimismo tiene valor adaptógeno, es estimulante del sistema inmune, antidiabético, antimutagénico, antioxidante y antitumoral. El objetivo del trabajo es analizar, desde el punto de vista económico y financiero, la factibilidad de producción de A. brasiliensis en una zona
semiárida de la Argentina, con una integración vertical parcial que implica la elaboración propia del compost. Para el análisis económico se propone utilizar un modelo de costeo variable evolucionado y en el estudio financiero se procura proyectar la corriente de flujos de fondos libres y calcular criterios de evaluación financiera para afirmar si el proyecto crea valor. Por último, se ejecuta un análisis de riesgo para estudiar la anatomía de la incertidumbre a la cual se expone el proyecto. Los resultados desde el punto de vista económico y financiero permiten aconsejar la ejecución del mismo, detectándose a partir del análisis de riesgo, dos variables altamente determinantes del resultado del proyecto: el precio de exportación y el nivel de producción de hongo seco. Finalmente, se estima la probabilidad de éxito del proyecto en 78%.
semiárida de la Argentina, con una integración vertical parcial que implica la elaboración propia del compost. Para el análisis económico se propone utilizar un modelo de costeo variable evolucionado y en el estudio financiero se procura proyectar la corriente de flujos de fondos libres y calcular criterios de evaluación financiera para afirmar si el proyecto crea valor. Por último, se ejecuta un análisis de riesgo para estudiar la anatomía de la incertidumbre a la cual se expone el proyecto. Los resultados desde el punto de vista económico y financiero permiten aconsejar la ejecución del mismo, detectándose a partir del análisis de riesgo, dos variables altamente determinantes del resultado del proyecto: el precio de exportación y el nivel de producción de hongo seco. Finalmente, se estima la probabilidad de éxito del proyecto en 78%.
Sunflower seed hull, an abundant and cheap by-product of the edible oil industry, was used as a substrate for growing Ganoderma lucidum in a synthetic log system. We evaluated: i) Mycelial growth rate on different formulations of... more
Sunflower seed hull, an abundant and cheap by-product of the edible oil industry, was used as a substrate for growing Ganoderma lucidum in a synthetic log system. We evaluated: i) Mycelial growth rate on different formulations of supplemented malt yeast agar (MYA); ii) Mycelial growth in substrates of sunflower seed hull with the addition of malt or wheat bran; and iii) the biological efficiency and the production rate at the end of the first harvest. A significant increase in growth rate was achieved when the MYA media contained 10 g L-1 glucose plus 0.4% milled sunflower seed hulls. The substrate containing wheat bran showed a higher mycelial growth rate. Productivity of the substrate containing 5% malt was higher than those from other formulations. Sunflower seed hull can be used as the main energy and nutritional source in the formulation of a substrate for the cultivation of G. lucidum, and the addition of 5% malt to the substrate improved the mushroom growth rate.
Grifola sordulenta and Grifola gargal are native edible mushroom species of Argentina. The study of their growth is useful as a first step for the optimized production of those constituents with nutritional, nutriceutical, and... more
Grifola sordulenta and Grifola gargal are native edible mushroom species of Argentina. The study of their growth is useful as a first step for the optimized production of those constituents with nutritional, nutriceutical, and pharmacological value. The effect of temperature, pH, and supplements (millet and sunflower seed hulls) on agar medium and the effect of temperature and sunflower seed broth on liquid medium, were evaluated. On malt-yeast-peptone-agar medium, the highest rate of mycelial growth and biomass production for both Grifola species was at pH 4. After 20 days culture, both biomass production and colony diameter were significantly higher at 18 C than at 24 C in the case of G. sordulenta, while G. gargal did not grow at 24 C. For both species, addition of milled sunflower seed hulls (0.4%) to the medium significantly increased mycelial growth diameter and biomass production. In the case of liquid
culture of G. sordulenta, the addition of 26% or 39% sunflower seed broth to the medium significantly increased the mycelial biomass (by almost 3 times) compared to the control. There were no differences in the mycelial biomass production at 24 C, irrespective of the sunflower seed broth content, and also the mycelial biomass was much lower than the one obtained at 20 C. G. gargal showed a significant mycelial mass increase (ca. 100%) at both 26% and 39% sunflower seed broth at 20 C, while at 24 C there were no
significant differences in relation to sunflower seed broth rates compared to control. The best culture conditions for agar and liquid culture of these Grifola species are discussed.
culture of G. sordulenta, the addition of 26% or 39% sunflower seed broth to the medium significantly increased the mycelial biomass (by almost 3 times) compared to the control. There were no differences in the mycelial biomass production at 24 C, irrespective of the sunflower seed broth content, and also the mycelial biomass was much lower than the one obtained at 20 C. G. gargal showed a significant mycelial mass increase (ca. 100%) at both 26% and 39% sunflower seed broth at 20 C, while at 24 C there were no
significant differences in relation to sunflower seed broth rates compared to control. The best culture conditions for agar and liquid culture of these Grifola species are discussed.
The mycelial growth rates in linear growth assays, yield, and mushroom productivity of Hericium erinaceus were evaluated in a substrate containing sunflower seed hulls as the main energy and nutritional component, with the addition of... more
The mycelial growth rates in linear growth assays, yield, and mushroom productivity of Hericium erinaceus were evaluated in a substrate containing sunflower seed hulls as the main energy and nutritional component, with the addition of different levels of Mn(II) and/or NH/. The mycelial
growth rate in substrates possessing different sunflower seed hull sizes with or without the addition of wheat bran showed that, irrespective of the presence of wheat bran, higher mycelial growth rate was observed with the larger sunflower seed hull size (as disposed of by the regional oil-seed factory without additional process). Adding growth-limiting mineral nutrients such as Mn(II) (20 or 100 ppm)
and/or NH4+(200 or 500 ppm) increased the mycelial growth rate by 8%-16%. The first flush occurred at day 10 and the second at day 30, with a production cycle duration of 55 days starting from inoculation. No statistical differences were detected between accumulated biological efficiencies
coming from different substrate formulations with the addition of wheat bran, barley straw, or poplar sawdust compared to the sunflower seed hull control, but a tendency for higher yield was observed for the substrate supplemented with 20 ppm Mn and 200 ppm NH/. Sunflower seed hulls without supplementation constitute a very good basal substrate, so this substrate by itself constitutes a very
good source of energy and nutrition for H. erinaceus growth and development.
growth rate in substrates possessing different sunflower seed hull sizes with or without the addition of wheat bran showed that, irrespective of the presence of wheat bran, higher mycelial growth rate was observed with the larger sunflower seed hull size (as disposed of by the regional oil-seed factory without additional process). Adding growth-limiting mineral nutrients such as Mn(II) (20 or 100 ppm)
and/or NH4+(200 or 500 ppm) increased the mycelial growth rate by 8%-16%. The first flush occurred at day 10 and the second at day 30, with a production cycle duration of 55 days starting from inoculation. No statistical differences were detected between accumulated biological efficiencies
coming from different substrate formulations with the addition of wheat bran, barley straw, or poplar sawdust compared to the sunflower seed hull control, but a tendency for higher yield was observed for the substrate supplemented with 20 ppm Mn and 200 ppm NH/. Sunflower seed hulls without supplementation constitute a very good basal substrate, so this substrate by itself constitutes a very
good source of energy and nutrition for H. erinaceus growth and development.
Se presenta en forma breve y general el estado de arte de la ciencia y la tecnología para el cultivo de champiñones (Agaricus). El compost es clave para el buen desarrollo del cultivo, así como también una fórmula con materias primas... more
Se presenta en forma breve y general el estado de arte de la ciencia y la tecnología para el cultivo de champiñones (Agaricus). El compost es clave para el buen desarrollo del cultivo, así como también una fórmula con materias primas adecuadas para el compostado.
Se evalúa y propone un sistema de cultivo empleando contenedores de plástico para la biotransformación de mezclas, en este caso estudiando una formulación a base de cáscara de semilla de girasol.
Se evalúa y propone un sistema de cultivo empleando contenedores de plástico para la biotransformación de mezclas, en este caso estudiando una formulación a base de cáscara de semilla de girasol.
Agaricus blazei Murrill is actually one of the most promising mushrooms species. An adaptation from the traditional biphasic compost fermentation method for Agaricus bisporus cultivation has been used for its cultivation. To make mushroom... more
Agaricus blazei Murrill is actually one of the most promising mushrooms species. An adaptation from the traditional biphasic compost fermentation method for Agaricus bisporus cultivation has been used for its cultivation. To make mushroom production profitable, the selection of compost materials from each region is essential. Sunflower seed hulls are an abundant lignocellulosic waste from the edible oil industry. It has been successfully used in the cultivation of other specialty mushrooms; however, there
are no published reports on its use as part of Agaricus spp. compost. There is still no agreement about the usage of lignin by A. bisporus, and in the case of A. blazei there is no published data. This work presents a substrate formulation (50.0% sunflower seed hulls, 41.0% wheat straw, 4.5% wheat bran, supplements and additives) which after composting was assayed to evaluate the performance of A. blazei cultivation.
Different types of containers, i.e. polyethylene bags (2.5 and 4.0 kg substrate, 0.08 m2) and plastic trays (3.5 and 4.5 kg substrate, 0.12 m2), in two independent trials, were also evaluated. It was demonstrated that the obtained compost was appropriate for the cultivation of A. blazei yielding BE ranging from 30% to 47%, depending on the container and substrate mass, being highest with polyethylene bags containing 2.5 kg substrate. In this case study, lignin accumulated during the composting process, but an important reduction was observed during the cultivation (58% on average), confirming the ability of this mushroom
to degrade lignin; thus making it possible the access to nutrient sources of cellulose and hemicellulose.
are no published reports on its use as part of Agaricus spp. compost. There is still no agreement about the usage of lignin by A. bisporus, and in the case of A. blazei there is no published data. This work presents a substrate formulation (50.0% sunflower seed hulls, 41.0% wheat straw, 4.5% wheat bran, supplements and additives) which after composting was assayed to evaluate the performance of A. blazei cultivation.
Different types of containers, i.e. polyethylene bags (2.5 and 4.0 kg substrate, 0.08 m2) and plastic trays (3.5 and 4.5 kg substrate, 0.12 m2), in two independent trials, were also evaluated. It was demonstrated that the obtained compost was appropriate for the cultivation of A. blazei yielding BE ranging from 30% to 47%, depending on the container and substrate mass, being highest with polyethylene bags containing 2.5 kg substrate. In this case study, lignin accumulated during the composting process, but an important reduction was observed during the cultivation (58% on average), confirming the ability of this mushroom
to degrade lignin; thus making it possible the access to nutrient sources of cellulose and hemicellulose.
Los hongos del género Agaricus, entre ellos distintas variedades y especies como ser el champiñón de París (A. bisporus var. blanca), portobello (A. bisporus var. marrón) y champiñón brasileño (A. blazei), son descomponedores secundarios... more
Los hongos del género Agaricus, entre ellos distintas variedades y especies como ser el champiñón de París (A. bisporus var. blanca), portobello (A. bisporus var. marrón) y champiñón brasileño (A. blazei), son descomponedores secundarios y, por ello, su cultivo requiere una adecuación
por compostaje del material de partida (MP) para obtener un sustrato selectivo para ellos. Este paso crítico se logra favoreciendo y controlando el crecimiento en sucesión de los microorganismos presentes en el MP que integra la formulación. Este compostaje para el cultivo de hongos consiste en dos fases: la primera generalmente se realiza en el exterior, y la otra, en ambientes internos controlados. Son muchos los materiales lignocelulósicos empleados para el cultivo de hongos. Uno de ellos es la cáscara de girasol
(CG) que es un residuo abundante de la industria aceitera y de difícil disposición. Es así que hemos usado este material con éxito para el cultivo de diferentes hongos comestibles y medicinales que son descomponedores primarios, es decir que no requieren esa selectividad que demandan los
champiñones, obtenible por compostaje. Por ello para este último caso estudiamos la inclusión de la CG en el MP y desarrollamos para esa finalidad un sistema a pequeña escala consistente en un tanque de plástico para almacenamiento de agua adaptado, que permitiera una aireación adecuada del material en compostaje y que fuera de fácil manejo para realizar los volteos programados del mismo. A los efectos de seguir su evolución se registró la temperatura, la humedad, el pH, la conductividad eléctrica y se determinaron los porcentajes de materia orgánica, fibra total, contenido celular, cenizas, celulosa, hemicelulosa, lignina, C y N. Al final del proceso, se obtuvo un sustrato compostado adecuado para el cultivo de champiñones, en
tiempo y forma que resultaron similares a los empleados con sistemas industriales, i.e. a mayor escala y además con las características óptimas descriptas para el cultivo de Agaricus spp.
por compostaje del material de partida (MP) para obtener un sustrato selectivo para ellos. Este paso crítico se logra favoreciendo y controlando el crecimiento en sucesión de los microorganismos presentes en el MP que integra la formulación. Este compostaje para el cultivo de hongos consiste en dos fases: la primera generalmente se realiza en el exterior, y la otra, en ambientes internos controlados. Son muchos los materiales lignocelulósicos empleados para el cultivo de hongos. Uno de ellos es la cáscara de girasol
(CG) que es un residuo abundante de la industria aceitera y de difícil disposición. Es así que hemos usado este material con éxito para el cultivo de diferentes hongos comestibles y medicinales que son descomponedores primarios, es decir que no requieren esa selectividad que demandan los
champiñones, obtenible por compostaje. Por ello para este último caso estudiamos la inclusión de la CG en el MP y desarrollamos para esa finalidad un sistema a pequeña escala consistente en un tanque de plástico para almacenamiento de agua adaptado, que permitiera una aireación adecuada del material en compostaje y que fuera de fácil manejo para realizar los volteos programados del mismo. A los efectos de seguir su evolución se registró la temperatura, la humedad, el pH, la conductividad eléctrica y se determinaron los porcentajes de materia orgánica, fibra total, contenido celular, cenizas, celulosa, hemicelulosa, lignina, C y N. Al final del proceso, se obtuvo un sustrato compostado adecuado para el cultivo de champiñones, en
tiempo y forma que resultaron similares a los empleados con sistemas industriales, i.e. a mayor escala y además con las características óptimas descriptas para el cultivo de Agaricus spp.