Papers by Alexandra Legrand Pineau
Evolution du Chasseen montpellierain: premiers resultats des fouilles preventives du site de la Z... more Evolution du Chasseen montpellierain: premiers resultats des fouilles preventives du site de la ZAC Saint-Antoine a Saint-Aunes (Herault)
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Au sein de l'outillage pointu du site néolithique de Colle Santo Stefano, deux groupes se disting... more Au sein de l'outillage pointu du site néolithique de Colle Santo Stefano, deux groupes se distinguent par leur morphologie et leurs dimensions, les pointes sur esquilles (groupe I) et les pointes sur segment diaphysaire entièrement façonné (groupe II). L'analyse fonctionnelle avait, entre autres, pour objectif de montrer l'existence d'une concordance entre la forme de ces pointes et leur fonction. Les résultats montrent que les pointes du groupe I comme celles du groupe II ont été majoritairement utilisées pour la transformation des fibres végétales mais très probablement au cours d'étapes de transformation différentes.
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Archaeological bone needles are often studied from a typological and technological perspective (S... more Archaeological bone needles are often studied from a typological and technological perspective (Stordeur 1977; Stordeur-Yedid 1979). However, very few studies deal with their function (Bouchud 1977). In order to start to document the needles’ function(s), we have opted for a comprehensive study including experiments and macro- and micro-wear analysis of the rich assemblage of bone needles from the aceramic Neolithic village of Khirokitia (Cyprus). In this paper, we present the first results of the functional analysis which reveals that these tools were mainly used on soft vegetal fibers.
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The excavations at the aceramic Neolithic village of Khirokitia – Cyprus – yielded a rich bone ar... more The excavations at the aceramic Neolithic village of Khirokitia – Cyprus – yielded a rich bone artifact assemblage dominated by pointed tools including awls and needles. To date, more than 2000 artifacts have been studied. This paper focuses on bone reduction techniques, especially the variability in the reduction sequences related to the manufacture of awls that were made from long bones such as metapodials. This study reveals that awls were mainly produced using rapid and expedient techniques. It will be demonstrated that the exact pattern of techniques could be identified throughout the site's occupation.
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This paper examines the methodology and the fi rst results of experiments with hide working. Base... more This paper examines the methodology and the fi rst results of experiments with hide working. Based on ethnographic, historical, and experimental data, the technical process used to work a hide is directly related to the origin of the hide and to the type of product desired. Moreover, differing processes or phases of processes may well involve different tools and gestures. Based on this information, an experimental program was designed which included fl eshing, softening, and perforating deer-and cowhide. The experimental tools used to process the hides were made from long bones and ribs, and they resemble in form edged tools and awls studied by the authors in various Neolithic sites in Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, and Syria. In the following presentation, emphasis is put on the systematic character of the experiments, the performance of the tools under examination, and the wear produced on the active ends of those tools.
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Le matériel découvert dans les niveaux de l’Aurignacien archaïque d’Isturitz constitue un corpus ... more Le matériel découvert dans les niveaux de l’Aurignacien archaïque d’Isturitz constitue un corpus privilégié pour l’étude des comportements humains au début du Paléolithique supérieur. Le croisement des données issues de l’analyse archéozoologique et de la technologie osseuse livre de précieux renseignements quant aux activités qui se sont déroulées dans ce gisement. Cette approche permet de préciser les intentions qui ont guidé ces hommes dans le choix et le traitement des espèces animales. Durant l’Aurignacien archaïque, Isturitz apparaît comme un lieu privilégié pour la chasse au cheval, même si d’autres espèces complètent la diète de ces hommes. D’autres activités y ont été pratiquées, ce que retranscrit notamment une riche industrie en matières dures animales (os, bois de cervidé, ivoire, coquillage). Le matériel osseux mis au jour permet d’appréhender la façon dont ces deux sphères se sont structurées l’une par rapport à l’autre. Il apparaît ainsi que les animaux ont, pour la plupart, été introduits dans la cavité sous forme de quartiers, suite à une première boucherie privilégiant le transport des parties les plus nutritives. Les activités de boucherie se sont poursuivies à l’intérieur de la grotte : récupération de viande, moelle osseuse, tendons et combustion des os. Concernant l’industrie en matières dures animales, les correspondances avec les données archéozoologiques, tant spécifiques qu’anatomiques, indiquent que la majeure partie de cet outillage s’inscrit en continuité de l’exploitation alimentaire : sélection de supports osseux parmi les déchets culinaires et introduction dans la grotte de parties anatomiques spécifiques en vue leur utilisation technique. Enfin, une partie de cette industrie suggère d’autres modes d’acquisition, pour des matériaux particuliers (bois animal, ivoire/dents), disjoints de la sphère alimentaire. L’analyse croisée du matériel osseux permet de mieux appréhender la diversité des choix opérés par ces hommes de l’Aurignacien archaïque. L’exploitation de la faune, d’un point de vue alimentaire et technique, se caractérise ainsi par une segmentation dans le temps et dans l’espace, argumentant d’une organisation de l’exploitation des ressources.
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In. S. Mulazzani (ed.) Le Capsien de Hergla (Tunisie). Culture, environnement et économie. Reports in African Archaeology 4
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Books by Alexandra Legrand Pineau
Between the emergence of insular characters and Middle-Eastern tradition reminiscences, the Khiro... more Between the emergence of insular characters and Middle-Eastern tradition reminiscences, the Khirokitian Culture (Late Aceramic Neolithic period; from the 7th millennium to the middle of the 6th millennium cal. BC), which forms the core of this study, can be considered as the result of a colonizing process which started in Cyprus at the end of the 9th millennium cal. BC (Guilaine & Briois 2001; Le Brun 2001 a). The study of the bone industries of Khirokitia, in the south of the island, and of Cap Andreas-Kastros, at its eastern extremity (fig. 1) which yield a total of 2451 artefacts, allowed me to follow two principal aims. Firstly, it was advisable to measure the part of the Middle-Eastern tradition in these productions and to uncover their original character. Then, the island provided a possibility to study sedentary agro-pastoral communities in an insular context where the development was carried out in certain isolation without regular relationship with the mainland (Le Brun 1986, 1989 b). It was therefore a question of understanding and measuring the effect of this isolation on the nature of the relationships between these communities and their environment and on the formation of the bone industry.
These questions were subjected to a technological analysis, from the characterization of the production methods – raw materials and manufacturing techniques – to the function of the tools. Because of the great proportion of pointed tools in the studied assemblages (more than 90%) it was necessary from an experimental corpus (cf. CD) to set and validate an appropriate use-wear analysis which exceeds the framework of bone industries confined to Cyprus. It consists of characterizing both macro- and microscopic use-wear and the use-wear process thanks to the examination of the use-wear development along the active part of the tool and within the same functional category of tools (Sidéra & Legrand 2006).
Results show a great homogeneity within the raw material selection, the categories of tools represented and the manufacturing techniques (fig. 213). In spite of the evolution of these assemblages through time, continuity is observed between the latest Aceramic Neolithic occupation of Khirokitia (from level G to level I) and the Ceramic Neolithic one (layer 2), although they are separated by 1000 year gap. This continuity interpreted as the expression of a Cypriot tradition, raises the debate on the origin of the Ceramic Neolithic period in Cyprus. According to the results obtained in other fields of the material culture and my own results, the origin of the Ceramic Neolithic period could be insular.
Compared to bibliographical data available for the early PPNB to early ceramic Neolithic period bone industries of the Levant and Anatolia (fig. 214), the Cypriot assemblages show some original character. Originality which appears in: 1) the large exploitation of the fallow deer (Dama mesopotamicus) metapodials, 2) the large proportion of needles (43% of the Khirokitia pointed tools), 3) the preferential and continuous use of percussion and grinding for tool manufacture. This originality is all the more important as the artefacts and techniques characteristic of Middle-Eastern industries such as the denticulate bone objects and perforation by longitudinal incision, are quickly abandoned from the earliest levels of Khirokitia. One can thus consider that the rupture with the Middle-Eastern identity took place before the development of the Khirokitian Culture, during the evolution of the Neolithic of the island. Thus, the bone industry of the latest phase of the Aceramic Neolithic period of Cyprus can be defined by the emergence, commencing with morphological elements and techniques from the Middle-Eastern tradition, of specific and well established techno-functional concepts. These combined with the other fields of the material culture, take part in the formation of a new and original cultural identity: the Khirokitian Culture. This seems to constitute an unquestionable legacy for the Ceramic Neolithic communities of the 5th millennium.
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Enseignement by Alexandra Legrand Pineau
Here a small paper aiming to precise the goals and methods set into the laboratory of microscopy ... more Here a small paper aiming to precise the goals and methods set into the laboratory of microscopy and imaging at the MAE of Nanterre (CNRS, University Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense and Paris-1), dealing with bone technology and functional approach. Around the lab, methodologies and courses are dispensed. Students and researchers are trained. It makes emerging new methods and program of research based on the elaboration of web databases as referential for bone objects technology and function.
The paper comes from a poster presented at the conference, which the figure reproduces.
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Papers by Alexandra Legrand Pineau
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These questions were subjected to a technological analysis, from the characterization of the production methods – raw materials and manufacturing techniques – to the function of the tools. Because of the great proportion of pointed tools in the studied assemblages (more than 90%) it was necessary from an experimental corpus (cf. CD) to set and validate an appropriate use-wear analysis which exceeds the framework of bone industries confined to Cyprus. It consists of characterizing both macro- and microscopic use-wear and the use-wear process thanks to the examination of the use-wear development along the active part of the tool and within the same functional category of tools (Sidéra & Legrand 2006).
Results show a great homogeneity within the raw material selection, the categories of tools represented and the manufacturing techniques (fig. 213). In spite of the evolution of these assemblages through time, continuity is observed between the latest Aceramic Neolithic occupation of Khirokitia (from level G to level I) and the Ceramic Neolithic one (layer 2), although they are separated by 1000 year gap. This continuity interpreted as the expression of a Cypriot tradition, raises the debate on the origin of the Ceramic Neolithic period in Cyprus. According to the results obtained in other fields of the material culture and my own results, the origin of the Ceramic Neolithic period could be insular.
Compared to bibliographical data available for the early PPNB to early ceramic Neolithic period bone industries of the Levant and Anatolia (fig. 214), the Cypriot assemblages show some original character. Originality which appears in: 1) the large exploitation of the fallow deer (Dama mesopotamicus) metapodials, 2) the large proportion of needles (43% of the Khirokitia pointed tools), 3) the preferential and continuous use of percussion and grinding for tool manufacture. This originality is all the more important as the artefacts and techniques characteristic of Middle-Eastern industries such as the denticulate bone objects and perforation by longitudinal incision, are quickly abandoned from the earliest levels of Khirokitia. One can thus consider that the rupture with the Middle-Eastern identity took place before the development of the Khirokitian Culture, during the evolution of the Neolithic of the island. Thus, the bone industry of the latest phase of the Aceramic Neolithic period of Cyprus can be defined by the emergence, commencing with morphological elements and techniques from the Middle-Eastern tradition, of specific and well established techno-functional concepts. These combined with the other fields of the material culture, take part in the formation of a new and original cultural identity: the Khirokitian Culture. This seems to constitute an unquestionable legacy for the Ceramic Neolithic communities of the 5th millennium.
Enseignement by Alexandra Legrand Pineau
The paper comes from a poster presented at the conference, which the figure reproduces.
These questions were subjected to a technological analysis, from the characterization of the production methods – raw materials and manufacturing techniques – to the function of the tools. Because of the great proportion of pointed tools in the studied assemblages (more than 90%) it was necessary from an experimental corpus (cf. CD) to set and validate an appropriate use-wear analysis which exceeds the framework of bone industries confined to Cyprus. It consists of characterizing both macro- and microscopic use-wear and the use-wear process thanks to the examination of the use-wear development along the active part of the tool and within the same functional category of tools (Sidéra & Legrand 2006).
Results show a great homogeneity within the raw material selection, the categories of tools represented and the manufacturing techniques (fig. 213). In spite of the evolution of these assemblages through time, continuity is observed between the latest Aceramic Neolithic occupation of Khirokitia (from level G to level I) and the Ceramic Neolithic one (layer 2), although they are separated by 1000 year gap. This continuity interpreted as the expression of a Cypriot tradition, raises the debate on the origin of the Ceramic Neolithic period in Cyprus. According to the results obtained in other fields of the material culture and my own results, the origin of the Ceramic Neolithic period could be insular.
Compared to bibliographical data available for the early PPNB to early ceramic Neolithic period bone industries of the Levant and Anatolia (fig. 214), the Cypriot assemblages show some original character. Originality which appears in: 1) the large exploitation of the fallow deer (Dama mesopotamicus) metapodials, 2) the large proportion of needles (43% of the Khirokitia pointed tools), 3) the preferential and continuous use of percussion and grinding for tool manufacture. This originality is all the more important as the artefacts and techniques characteristic of Middle-Eastern industries such as the denticulate bone objects and perforation by longitudinal incision, are quickly abandoned from the earliest levels of Khirokitia. One can thus consider that the rupture with the Middle-Eastern identity took place before the development of the Khirokitian Culture, during the evolution of the Neolithic of the island. Thus, the bone industry of the latest phase of the Aceramic Neolithic period of Cyprus can be defined by the emergence, commencing with morphological elements and techniques from the Middle-Eastern tradition, of specific and well established techno-functional concepts. These combined with the other fields of the material culture, take part in the formation of a new and original cultural identity: the Khirokitian Culture. This seems to constitute an unquestionable legacy for the Ceramic Neolithic communities of the 5th millennium.
The paper comes from a poster presented at the conference, which the figure reproduces.
The zooarchaeological analysis indicates that the material used corresponds to camelid humerus/femur, and that the technique of the majority of the sample is not pyrogravure - as had been maintained in the local archaeological literature, but on the contrary, the designs were achieved through the paint application. This type of artifact comes from funerary contexts of different cemeteries of San Pedro de Atacama, and belong to the Middle period or Tiawanaku Horizon (ca. 400-1000 AD). According to the iconography embodied in most of these tubes (Sacrificer with features of feline or Andean deer), it is plausible to raise, its association to the hallucinogenic paraphernalia, which constituted the material basis of the practice of inhaling psychoactive plants among the ancient Atacameños in a strict sense, and among societies Pre-Hispanic of the central-south of the Andes, in a wider sense.