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- Samuel Kalibala MD ABH is a physician with a medical degree from Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, and an associa... moreSamuel Kalibala MD ABH is a physician with a medical degree from Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, and an associate degree in Behavioral Health from Montgomery College, Rockville, Maryland, USA. He is Senior Technical Advisor Research and Science at PEPFAR headquarters in Washington, DC, where he strengthens capacity of PEPFAR country teams to conduct and use implementation science to improve their programs. He is also the DC-based Chair of PEPFAR Angola supervising and providing strategic and technical guidance to the in-country team in Luanda. Further Dr Kalibala is a member of the TB Technical Working Group at PEPFAR where he facilitates the sharing of best practices among country teams in TB case-finding and prevention among PLHIV. In his free time, he raises funds for providing primary health care outreach clinics in Uganda.edit
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HIV, most of them during their mother’s pregnancy, childbirth, or through breastfeeding. The Population Council’s Horizons program has tested the introduction of infant feeding counseling to inform women about ways to reduce the risk of... more
HIV, most of them during their mother’s pregnancy, childbirth, or through breastfeeding. The Population Council’s Horizons program has tested the introduction of infant feeding counseling to inform women about ways to reduce the risk of HIV transmission during breastfeeding and to support them in their infant feeding choices. The program is being tested at antenatal care clinics in Ndola, Zambia, a low-income setting where antiretroviral drugs are unavailable. The intervention is a collaboration with three nongovernmental organizations, Hope Humana, the LINKAGES project, and the Zambia Integrated Health Project, and two government agencies, the Zambian National Food and Nutrition Commission and the Ndola District Health Management Team. The research shows that women receiving infant feeding counseling maintain healthier breastfeeding practices in the first six months of their infants’ lives. But more work is needed to increase community use of voluntary HIV counseling and testing se...
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Background We aimed to explore HIV RNA (ribonucleic acid) virologic levels greater than 1,000 copies/millilitre (ml), among HIV-positive adolescents aged 15–24 years, establish the spread of CD4 T- cell counts and inspect characteristics... more
Background We aimed to explore HIV RNA (ribonucleic acid) virologic levels greater than 1,000 copies/millilitre (ml), among HIV-positive adolescents aged 15–24 years, establish the spread of CD4 T- cell counts and inspect characteristics of adolescents presenting with new HIV infections, including co-infections with Hepatitis B virus and syphilis. Methods We analysed data from the Zambia Population-based HIV Impact Assessment 2016 survey. Two-stage stratified cluster probability sample design was used to select the target population. Our study truncated the population to focus on the age-group 15–24 whose biomarker tests and household information were complete. Our primary outcome measure was “New HIV-positive Infections among 15-24-year-olds” defined as HIV-positive biomarker samples presenting with HIV RNA ≥ 1,000 copies/ml without detectable ARVs. We tested associations between new HIV infections and clinical characteristics using negative binomial models adjusting for age, sex, ...
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This report summarizes baseline and midterm findings of an intervention pilot study conducted by Horizons, LINKAGES, National Food and Nutrition Commission, District Health Management Team, Hope Humana, and the Zambia Integrated Health... more
This report summarizes baseline and midterm findings of an intervention pilot study conducted by Horizons, LINKAGES, National Food and Nutrition Commission, District Health Management Team, Hope Humana, and the Zambia Integrated Health Program in Ndola District, Zambia. The aim of the research is to investigate how integrating services for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMCT) of HIV into low-resource maternal and child health (MCH) and antenatal care (ANC) settings influences women’s ability to make and implement informed decisions about HIV. The intervention strengthened routine services and introduced HIV voluntary counseling and testing and PMCT counseling and services into the MCH/ANC setting. Exclusive breastfeeding was promoted for all mothers with infants below six months of age.
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Many organizations and programs have begun to provide services and support to AIDS-orphaned children in East and southern Africa. Typical program components include the provision of school fees and supplies, supplementary feeding,... more
Many organizations and programs have begun to provide services and support to AIDS-orphaned children in East and southern Africa. Typical program components include the provision of school fees and supplies, supplementary feeding, home-visiting programs in which community members visit and assist affected children, and vocational training. However, few of these programs have been formally evaluated for impact. This paper reports on baseline findings from a study of two programs for AIDS-affected children and their families implemented by PLAN International in the Luwero and Tororo districts of Uganda. One program, referred to as orphan support, provides educational, health, and nutritional assistance as well as other services to orphans. The second program, known as succession planning, reaches AIDS-affected children earlier, by helping HIV-positive parents prepare for their children’s future through counseling, will writing, appointing guardians, and other measures.
Research Interests: African Studies, Medical Anthropology, Social Work, Social Policy, Development Studies, and 15 moreOperations Research, Child and adolescent mental health, Africa, Sexuality, Gender and Sexuality, Gender, Social Stratification, Uganda, Public Health, Health Services Research, Vocational Education, Medicine, Social Inequality, International Public Health, and Child and Adolescent Mental Health
Follow this and additional works at: https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/ departments_sbsr-hiv Part of the Demography, Population, and Ecology Commons, Health Policy Commons, Immune System Diseases Commons, International Public Health... more
Follow this and additional works at: https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/ departments_sbsr-hiv Part of the Demography, Population, and Ecology Commons, Health Policy Commons, Immune System Diseases Commons, International Public Health Commons, Maternal and Child Health Commons, Medicine and Health Commons, Public Health Education and Promotion Commons, Virus Diseases Commons, and the Women's Health Commons
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The importance of using research findings to inform policy and program decisions is well recognized, but the literature on measuring research utilization activities is scarce. As funding to support some areas of research wanes or remains... more
The importance of using research findings to inform policy and program decisions is well recognized, but the literature on measuring research utilization activities is scarce. As funding to support some areas of research wanes or remains stagnant, the need to document the value of investing in research by its’ effect on improved programs and policies becomes increasingly necessary. We present the experience of Project SOAR, a six-year USAID-funded project focusing on HIV/AIDS-related implementation research, to demonstrate measurement of research utilization. We follow the project’s research-utilization logic model, including inputs, activities, outputs, and outcomes. We present tools the project developed and examples from project studies and discuss what works, remaining challenges and how to overcome them, and lessons learned. We then make recommendations for incorporating research-utilization activities and measurement in implementation-research studies.
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Pediatric non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), loss to follow-up, and HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) are challenges to achieving UNAIDS' targets of 90% of those diagnosed HIV-positive receiving treatment, and 90% of those... more
Pediatric non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), loss to follow-up, and HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) are challenges to achieving UNAIDS' targets of 90% of those diagnosed HIV-positive receiving treatment, and 90% of those receiving treatment achieving viral suppression. In Kenya, the pediatric population represents 8% of total HIV infections and pediatric virological failure is estimated at 33%. The monitoring of early warning indicators (EWIs) for HIVDR can help to identify and correct gaps in ART program functioning to improve HIV care and treatment outcomes. However, EWIs have not been integrated into health systems. We assessed challenges to the use of EWIs and solutions to challenges identified by frontline health administrators. We conducted key informant interviews with health administrators who were fully knowledgeable of the ART program at 23 pediatric ART sites in 18 counties across Kenya from May to June 2015. Thematic content analysis identified themes for thr...
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This study evaluated the performance of the Kalon Biological HSV2 IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Kalon Biological Ltd, Surrey, United Kingdom) on dried blood spots (DBS) of various dilutions compared with plasma from young women... more
This study evaluated the performance of the Kalon Biological HSV2 IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Kalon Biological Ltd, Surrey, United Kingdom) on dried blood spots (DBS) of various dilutions compared with plasma from young women aged 18–24 years in Uganda. We estimated the sensitivity and specificity of three DBS dilutions using plasma as the reference. All three evaluated DBS dilutions yielded low sensitivities and specificities, with DBS 1:2 yielding the highest concurrence. Other herpes simplex virus type 2 assays should be examined with regard to their utility for testing DBS.
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Research Interests: Clinical Psychology, Epidemiology, Mental Health, Depression, Ethiopia, and 15 moreAdolescent, Medicine, Multidisciplinary, Anxiety, Humans, HIV and AIDS, Female, Male, Mental Disorders, Ethnic Groups, Observer Variation, ANXIETY, Cross Sectional Studies, Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, and HIV infections
Research Interests: Bioinformatics, Behavior, Life Sciences, Developing Countries, Health, and 15 moreKenya, Medicine, HIV, Prospective studies, Population, Biomedical Research, International Public Health, HIV and AIDS, HIV Prevention, Cohort Study, Cohort, Interventions, Odds ratio, Community Based, and antiretroviral treatment
As adolescents living with HIV gain autonomy over their self-care and begin to engage in sexual relationships, their experiences of being informed about their HIV status and of telling others about their HIV status may affect their... more
As adolescents living with HIV gain autonomy over their self-care and begin to engage in sexual relationships, their experiences of being informed about their HIV status and of telling others about their HIV status may affect their ability to cope with having the disease. In 2010, we conducted a qualitative study among adolescents aged 10-19 living with HIV in Zambia, and with their parents and health care providers. Through interviews and focus group discussions, we explored the disclosure of HIV status to adolescents living with HIV; adolescents' disclosure of their status to others; and the impact of both forms of disclosure on adolescents. Our study identified three main barriers to disclosure of HIV status: local norms that deter parents from communicating with their children about sexuality; fear of HIV stigma; and an underlying presumption that adolescents would not understand the consequences of a HIV diagnosis on their lives and relationships. With regard to adolescents...
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Research Interests: Demography, Uganda, Adolescent, Medicine, Humans, and 12 moreInterview, Female, Sexual Behavior, Demographic analysis, Young Adult, Questionnaires, Public health systems and services research, Biological markers, Social Desirability Bias, Self report, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and Interviews as topic
Insufficient data on the nature and extent of children's vulnerability... more
Insufficient data on the nature and extent of children's vulnerability in Uganda has challenged government and donors in priority setting, resource allocation and developing effective approaches to improve well-being. We conducted a population-based survey among a nationally representative sample of 2551 households, covering a total of 7946 children. We engaged national stakeholders in a priority-setting exercise to develop a scoring system to assess dimensions of children's vulnerability. The exercise identified individual and household characteristics to assess vulnerability--many of which had not been measured previously--to which numerical weights representing vulnerability level were assigned. Highly weighted characteristics included maternal death, disability, child labour and pregnancy before age 17. Psychosocial elements included living apart from siblings, having nobody to talk to and never visiting a living parent. According to this approach, an estimated 51.1% of children in Uganda (weighted for national population distribution) are considered critically or moderately vulnerable. It is to these children, equivalent to a national total of 8.7 million, that support services should be prioritised. However, survey data suggest that the most critically vulnerable children are under-represented in several types of support services. This pioneering, participatory methodology provides a rudimentary, but valuable, first step towards quantifying the vulnerability of children in Uganda and assessing their resource needs. It has been used by the Government of Uganda to determine subcategories of vulnerability for resource allocation. A major advantage is that it uses local contextual knowledge of child vulnerability rather than generic criteria applied in international surveys. Further analytical work is required to validate the methodology, link it to child well-being outcomes and devise a practical tool for service providers to refine programme targeting. The approach may be useful to national, regional or local service providers seeking an overview of their client base to monitor and improve programme-targeting efforts.
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Research Interests: Sexual Behaviour, Health Care, Africa, Developing Countries, Medicine, and 14 morePregnancy, Humans, Developing Country, Health Services, Female, Sexual Behavior, Hiv Infection, The, Public health systems and services research, Preventive Health Services, Health Policy Planning and Management, Delivery of Health Care, antiretroviral treatment, and HIV infections
Background. Recruitment, retention, and success in a worksite health promotion program was examined among various demographic groups of employees (n = 11,830) of the Dallas, Texas Independent School District. Methods. Enrolled employees... more
Background. Recruitment, retention, and success in a worksite health promotion program was examined among various demographic groups of employees (n = 11,830) of the Dallas, Texas Independent School District. Methods. Enrolled employees (n =3,873) were given a health screen consisting of health habit assessment, measurement of clinical variables, physical fitness testing, and a medical examination. Results. Thirty-three percent of employees were successfully recruited into the program. Recruitment rates were virtually identical for men and women (32 % and 33%, respectively), but varied across ethnic, age, and education groups. Blacks, younger employees, and noncollege graduates were less likely to be recruited. Sixtynine percent of the employees were retained in the program, as defined by participation in the second screen, and women were more likely to be retained than men (71 % versus 64%, respectively). Retention rates throughout the 10-week program were higher for whites and His...
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Research Interests: Health Sciences, Art, Accessibility, Data Analysis, Health Information Systems, and 15 moreElectronic Medical Records, Ethiopia, Disability, Antiretroviral Therapy, Health workforce, HIV and AIDS, Cost, Adolescents, Attrition, Citation, Efficiency, HIV Care, HIV Positive, Health facilities, and Data Accuracy
The importance of using research findings to inform policy and program decisions is well recognized, but the literature on measuring research utilization activities is scarce. As funding to support some areas of research wanes or remains... more
The importance of using research findings to inform policy and program decisions is well recognized, but the literature on measuring research utilization activities is scarce. As funding to support some areas of research wanes or remains stagnant, the need to document the value of investing in research by its' effect on improved programs and policies becomes increasingly necessary. We present the experience of Project SOAR, a six-year USAID-funded project focusing on HIV/AIDS-related implementation research, to demonstrate measurement of research utilization. We follow the project's research-utilization logic model, including inputs, activities, outputs, and outcomes. We present tools the project developed and examples from project studies and discuss what works, remaining challenges and how to overcome them, and lessons learned. We then make recommendations for incorporating research-utilization activities and measurement in implementation-research studies.
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Intimate partner violence (IPV) undermines women's uptake of HIV services and violates their human rights. In a two-arm randomized controlled trial we evaluated a short intervention that went a step beyond IPV screening to discuss... more
Intimate partner violence (IPV) undermines women's uptake of HIV services and violates their human rights. In a two-arm randomized controlled trial we evaluated a short intervention that went a step beyond IPV screening to discuss violence and power with women receiving HIV testing services during antenatal care (ANC). The intervention included training and support for HIV counselors, a take-home card for clients, and an on-site IPV counselor. One third (35%) of women (N = 688) reported experiencing IPV in the past year; 6% were living with HIV. Among women experiencing IPV, program participants were more likely to disclose violence to their counselor than women receiving standard care (32% vs. 7%, p < 0.001). At second ANC visit, intervention group women were significantly more likely to report that talking with their counselor made a positive difference (aOR 2.9; 95% CI 1.8, 4.4; p < 0.001) and felt more confident in how they deserved to be treated (aOR 2.7; 95% CI 1.7, 4.4; p < 0.001). Exploratory analyses of intent to use ARVs to prevent mother-to-child transmission and actions to address violence were also encouraging.
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Background: HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) poses a threat to the HIV epidemic control in Zambia especially in sub-populations such as the 15–24 years where there is poor virological suppression. Understanding the prevalence and patterns of... more
Background:
HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) poses a threat to the HIV epidemic control in Zambia especially in sub-populations such as the 15–24 years where there is poor virological suppression. Understanding the prevalence and patterns of HIVDR in this population (15–24 years)
will contribute to defining effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens, improving clinical
decision making, and supporting behavioral change interventions needed to achieve HIV
epidemic control.
Methods:
A cross-sectional analysis of study enrollment data from the Project YES! Youth Engaging
for Success randomized controlled trial was conducted. Participants were 15 to 24 years
old, who knew their HIV status, and had been on ART for at least 6 months. All participants
completed a survey and underwent viral load (VL) testing. Participants with viral failure (VL
�1,000 copies/mL) underwent HIVDR testing which included analysis of mutations in the
protease and reverse transcriptase genes.
Results:
A total of 99 out of 273 analyzed participants receiving ART had VL failure, of whom 77 had
successful HIVDR amplification and analysis. Out of the 77, 75% (58) had at least one drug
resistant mutation, among which 83% (48/58) required a drug change. Among the 58 with
HIVDR mutations, the prevalence of at least one HIVDR mutation to nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs) were 81%, 65.5% and 1.7%. The mutation M184V which confers resistance to NRTI drugs of lamivudine (3TC) and emtricitabine (FTC) was the most
common (81%) among NRTI associated mutations followed by K65R (34.5%) which is
associated with both tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) resistance. Thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) which confer resistance primarily to zidovudine (AZT), stavudine (d4T) and other NRTIs were observed at 32.8%.
Common TAMs were K70RTQNE (32.8%), K219QE (22.4%), D67N (17.2%) and T215IT
(15.5%). The most common NNRTI associated mutation was the K103N (65.5%) which confers resistance to both efavirenz (EFV) and nevirapine (NVP). There was a relatively high
occurrence of other NNRTI mutations V106A (36.2%), as well as Y188C (36.2%) and
Y181C (36.2%) which confer resistance to etravirine.
Conclusions:
There is a high prevalence of HIVDR including TAMs despite majority of these patients
(90.48%) being on AZT or d4T sparing first line ART among the youth. Emergence of these
mutations including the NNRTI associated mutations (Y181C and Y188C) may compromise
future second- and third-line regimens in the absence of routine HIVDR testing. HIVDR
monitoring at start of ART or at first-line failure can better inform clinical decision making
and ART programing.
HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) poses a threat to the HIV epidemic control in Zambia especially in sub-populations such as the 15–24 years where there is poor virological suppression. Understanding the prevalence and patterns of HIVDR in this population (15–24 years)
will contribute to defining effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens, improving clinical
decision making, and supporting behavioral change interventions needed to achieve HIV
epidemic control.
Methods:
A cross-sectional analysis of study enrollment data from the Project YES! Youth Engaging
for Success randomized controlled trial was conducted. Participants were 15 to 24 years
old, who knew their HIV status, and had been on ART for at least 6 months. All participants
completed a survey and underwent viral load (VL) testing. Participants with viral failure (VL
�1,000 copies/mL) underwent HIVDR testing which included analysis of mutations in the
protease and reverse transcriptase genes.
Results:
A total of 99 out of 273 analyzed participants receiving ART had VL failure, of whom 77 had
successful HIVDR amplification and analysis. Out of the 77, 75% (58) had at least one drug
resistant mutation, among which 83% (48/58) required a drug change. Among the 58 with
HIVDR mutations, the prevalence of at least one HIVDR mutation to nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs) were 81%, 65.5% and 1.7%. The mutation M184V which confers resistance to NRTI drugs of lamivudine (3TC) and emtricitabine (FTC) was the most
common (81%) among NRTI associated mutations followed by K65R (34.5%) which is
associated with both tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) resistance. Thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) which confer resistance primarily to zidovudine (AZT), stavudine (d4T) and other NRTIs were observed at 32.8%.
Common TAMs were K70RTQNE (32.8%), K219QE (22.4%), D67N (17.2%) and T215IT
(15.5%). The most common NNRTI associated mutation was the K103N (65.5%) which confers resistance to both efavirenz (EFV) and nevirapine (NVP). There was a relatively high
occurrence of other NNRTI mutations V106A (36.2%), as well as Y188C (36.2%) and
Y181C (36.2%) which confer resistance to etravirine.
Conclusions:
There is a high prevalence of HIVDR including TAMs despite majority of these patients
(90.48%) being on AZT or d4T sparing first line ART among the youth. Emergence of these
mutations including the NNRTI associated mutations (Y181C and Y188C) may compromise
future second- and third-line regimens in the absence of routine HIVDR testing. HIVDR
monitoring at start of ART or at first-line failure can better inform clinical decision making
and ART programing.
Research Interests:
Background: Pediatric non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), loss to follow-up, and HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) are challenges to achieving UNAIDS' targets of 90% of those diagnosed HIV-positive receiving treatment, and 90% of... more
Background: Pediatric non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), loss to follow-up, and HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) are challenges to achieving UNAIDS' targets of 90% of those diagnosed HIV-positive receiving treatment, and 90% of those receiving treatment achieving viral suppression. In Kenya, the pediatric population represents 8% of total HIV infections and pediatric virological failure is estimated at 33%. The monitoring of early warning indicators (EWIs) for HIVDR can help to identify and correct gaps in ART program functioning to improve HIV care and treatment outcomes. However, EWIs have not been integrated into health systems. We assessed challenges to the use of EWIs and solutions to challenges identified by frontline health administrators. Methods: We conducted key informant interviews with health administrators who were fully knowledgeable of the ART program at 23 pediatric ART sites in 18 counties across Kenya from May to June 2015. Thematic content analysis identified themes for three EWIs: on-time pill pickup , retention in care, and virological suppression. Results: Nine themes-six at the facility level and three at the patient level-emerged as major challenges to EWI monitoring. At the facility level, themes centered on system issues (e.g., slow return of viral load results), staff shortages and inadequate adherence counseling skills, lack of effective patient tracking and linkage systems, and lack of support for health personnel. At the patient level, themes focused on stigma, non-disclosure of HIV status to children who are age eligible, and little engagement of guardians in the children's care. Practical solutions identified included the use of lay health workers (e.g., peer educators, community health workers) to implement a variety of care and treatment tasks, whole facility approaches to adherence counseling, adolescent peer support groups, and working with children directly as soon as they are age eligible.
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The need for research-informed programming and policy making is well established. However, there is limited evidence that, when researchers actively promote utilization of research findings, stakeholders use such findings for decision... more
The need for research-informed programming and policy making is well established. However, there is limited evidence that, when researchers actively promote utilization of research findings, stakeholders use such findings for decision making in low-and middle-income countries (LMIC). A common barrier for research uptake in LMIC is that researchers focus on passive dissemination of final findings as the primary vehicle to affect research uptake. A more active approach to facilitating research utilization (RU) is necessary. Project SOAR, a six-year USAID-funded operations research project, recognized this gap and developed an approach to include the end data users in the research process from inception to final results dissemination. In this commentary, we make recommendations for active facilitation of research uptake using emerging lessons from SOAR's RU process that focuses on ongoing engagement of stakeholders throughout the life of the study.
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Project SOAR works with researchers and stakeholders from developing countries to enhance their capacity to demand, generate, interpret and use data to strengthen HIV programs. The project recently held two capacity-strengthening... more
Project SOAR works with researchers and stakeholders from developing countries to enhance their capacity to demand, generate, interpret and use data to strengthen HIV programs. The project recently held two capacity-strengthening workshops in Johannesburg, South Africa. They were attended by in-country investigators and governmental and nongovernmental stakeholders from sub-Saharan African countries where SOAR research is currently being implemented.
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Tailored, one-on-one counseling delivered via cell phone was very effective in retaining mothers with HIV in care and in promoting infant HIV testing and antenatal and postnatal care attendance. The highest risk of loss to follow-up among... more
Tailored, one-on-one counseling delivered via cell phone was very effective in retaining mothers with HIV in care and in promoting infant HIV testing and antenatal and postnatal care attendance. The highest risk of loss to follow-up among women with HIV accessing PMTCT services was prior to delivery and then after infant HIV testing at 6 weeks. Challenges include continued limited access to cell phones, difficulty with reaching participants on the phone, and poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy for a substantial percentage of the population. ABSTRACT Background: We evaluated the effectiveness of a cell phone counseling intervention to promote retention in care and HIV testing of infants among women with HIV accessing prevention of mother-to-child services in Kisumu, Kenya. Methods: Between May 2013 and September 2015, we recruited 404 pregnant women with HIV who were between 14 and 36 weeks of gestation and randomly assigned them to the intervention (n=207) or control arm (n=197). Retention was assessed at delivery and at 6 and 14 weeks postpartum. We also measured uptake of infant HIV testing. The intervention comprised a fixed protocol of counselor-delivered phone calls to provide one-to-one need-based support. The number of calls made varied depending on when participants presented for antenatal care services; the maximum number was 42. The control group received routine care. We evaluated retention at 3 time points using the complementary log-log regression model taking into account factors associated with retention and loss to follow-up time. We calculated the incidence rate for HIV transmission among infants and used binary logistic regression to identify pre-dictors of HIV infection among infants. Results: Participants attended on average 63% of the required number of counseling calls during the study period. Retention was higher in the intervention arm than the control arm at delivery (95.2% vs. 77.7%, respectively); 6 weeks postpartum (93.9% vs. 72.9%, respectively); and 14 weeks postpartum (83.3% vs. 66.5%, respectively) (P<.001). The counseling intervention (hazard ratio [HR]=0.29; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.12, 0.69) and positive health perceptions (HR=0.99; 95% CI=0.98, 1.00) were associated with lower hazards of being lost to follow-up. HIV testing of infants was higher in the intervention than control arm (93% vs. 68%, respectively; P<.001). In total, 9 of 308 (2.9%) infants tested positive for HIV infection (incidence rate=0.39 infections/100 infant-weeks). Medication Possession Ratio (MPR) >90%, used to assess adherence to ART, was associated with lower odds of a positive HIV test among infants (adjusted odds ratio=0.20; 95% CI=0.04, 0.99). Attendance at antenatal and postnatal care visits was higher among participants in the intervention arm than the control arm. Conclusions: The one-on-one tailored counseling delivered via cell phone was effective in retaining mothers with HIV infection in care and promoting uptake of infant HIV testing and antenatal and postnatal care services. Phone counseling offers a practical approach to reach and retain pregnant women with HIV infection and postpartum mothers in care, but greater emphasis on collection of medications and adherence is required.
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Capacity building in implementation science is integral to PEPFAR's mission and to meeting the 90-90-90 goals. The USAID funded Project SOAR sponsored a 4 day workshop for investigators and governmental and non-governmental partners from... more
Capacity building in implementation science is integral to PEPFAR's mission and to meeting the 90-90-90 goals. The USAID funded Project SOAR sponsored a 4 day workshop for investigators and governmental and non-governmental partners from 12 African countries. The workshop was designed to address both findings from a pre-workshop online needs assessment as well as capacity challenges across the capacity building pyramid, from individual skills to institutional systems and resources. Activities were output-oriented and skill based. An online survey evaluated sessions and changes in perceptions of needs; a majority of respondents strongly agreed that after the workshop, they better understood their personal and institutional capacity strengthening needs. Participants 'strongly agreed' that workshop content was relevant to their jobs (90%) and that they left the workshop with a specific plan for conducting future research (65%). Workshop results suggest that skill-building should be done in conjunction with systems capacity building within the cultural context.
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The Editorial Team would like to thank all those who gave generously of their time and expertise in reviewing the papers for the Bulletin of the World Health Organization in 2012: Kalibala, Sam Kamangar, Farin Kamat, Umesh Kamineni,... more
The Editorial Team would like to thank all those who gave generously of their time and expertise in reviewing the papers for the Bulletin of the World Health Organization in 2012: Kalibala, Sam Kamangar, Farin Kamat, Umesh Kamineni, Vishnu Karami, Manoochehr Karanth, K Kassanjee, Reshma Kaushik, Manas Kaviraj, Anilava Kavle, Justine Kearns, Therese
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FROM THE PRESENTATIONS OF: Dr Catherine Hankins, Novel Partnerships: the Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise Dr Samuel Kalibala, The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Dr Kate Taylor, Increasing Private Sector Engagement in Vaccine The... more
FROM THE PRESENTATIONS OF:
Dr Catherine Hankins,
Novel Partnerships: the Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise
Dr Samuel Kalibala,
The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative
Dr Kate Taylor,
Increasing Private Sector Engagement in Vaccine
The road towards multiple full scale HIV vaccine trials in Africa is full of hurdles and faces a more
complex environment than in other continents. The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) and
the Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise aim to work on strategies to accelerate the development of safe,
effective and affordable HIV vaccines for a worldwide use.
Dr Catherine Hankins,
Novel Partnerships: the Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise
Dr Samuel Kalibala,
The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative
Dr Kate Taylor,
Increasing Private Sector Engagement in Vaccine
The road towards multiple full scale HIV vaccine trials in Africa is full of hurdles and faces a more
complex environment than in other continents. The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) and
the Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise aim to work on strategies to accelerate the development of safe,
effective and affordable HIV vaccines for a worldwide use.
Research Interests:
Dr Samuel Kalibala was a key member of the technical team that developed the instrument—THE WHOQOL HIV GROUP World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. This paper reports on the three initial steps taken to develop the World... more
Dr Samuel Kalibala was a key member of the technical team that developed the instrument—THE WHOQOL HIV GROUP World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
This paper reports on the three initial steps taken to develop the World Health Organization's Quality of Life instrument (WHOQOL) module for assessment of persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). First, a consultation of international experts was convened to review the suitability of the generic WHOQOL-100 for assessment of PLWHA. The experts proposed additional facets that are specific to the lives of PLWHA. Second, 42 focus groups (N0/235) were conducted by six culturally diverse centres */comprising of PLWHA, informal carers and health professionals */to (1) review the adequacy of the WHOQOL for PLWHA, (2) review the additional facets proposed by the experts, and (3) write additional facets and items for a pilot instrument. Third, results of steps 1 and 2 were consolidated, and a total of 115 items, covering 25 new facets and sub-facets for assessment of QoL specific to PLWHA, were prepared for pilot testing. The new facets included symptoms of HIV, body image, sexual activities, work, social inclusion, disclosure, death and dying, and forgiveness. The implications of cross-cultural QoL assessment for PLWHA are discussed.
This paper reports on the three initial steps taken to develop the World Health Organization's Quality of Life instrument (WHOQOL) module for assessment of persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). First, a consultation of international experts was convened to review the suitability of the generic WHOQOL-100 for assessment of PLWHA. The experts proposed additional facets that are specific to the lives of PLWHA. Second, 42 focus groups (N0/235) were conducted by six culturally diverse centres */comprising of PLWHA, informal carers and health professionals */to (1) review the adequacy of the WHOQOL for PLWHA, (2) review the additional facets proposed by the experts, and (3) write additional facets and items for a pilot instrument. Third, results of steps 1 and 2 were consolidated, and a total of 115 items, covering 25 new facets and sub-facets for assessment of QoL specific to PLWHA, were prepared for pilot testing. The new facets included symptoms of HIV, body image, sexual activities, work, social inclusion, disclosure, death and dying, and forgiveness. The implications of cross-cultural QoL assessment for PLWHA are discussed.
Research Interests:
This is a publication of the government of Kenya. Dr Samuel Kalibala facilitated the process of its development while working as the Regional Representative of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) in Nairobi. In Kenya, it was... more
This is a publication of the government of Kenya. Dr Samuel Kalibala facilitated the process of its development while working as the Regional Representative of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) in Nairobi.
In Kenya, it was observed that some commercial sex workers in Nairobi’s Majengo slum
were resistant to HIV infection despite repeated exposure. This observation led to research
on possible immune mechanisms involved in resistance and the development of a vaccine
construct. The resultant HIV/AIDS vaccine entered human trials conducted by the Kenya
AIDS Vaccine Initiative (KAVI) in collaboration with the Medical Research Council-UK
and the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) in 2001 in Nairobi. This marked the
beginning of the search for an HIV/AIDS vaccine in Kenya.
At that time it was noted that there were no clear and specific guidelines to aid in
developing and evaluating HIV/AIDS vaccines. Therefore the Ministry of Health began
developing the relevant guidelines. This was done by a process that involved setting up
the HIV/AIDS Vaccine Subcommittee and consulting stakeholders through a series of
workshops held under five themes—clinical, biomedical, law and ethics, community,
and policy. A two-day national consensus workshop was held to deliberate on the
document in November 2004. It was attended by over 100 stakeholders comprising
government ministries, researchers, health care workers, public and private universities,
NGOs, community representatives, professional societies and faith-based organizations
from all provinces.
The deliberations from these meetings were then incorporated into this document,
the Kenya National Guidelines for Research and Development of HIV/AIDS Vaccines. These
guidelines will be widely distributed and are expected to be used by all organizations,
institutions and individuals involved in developing and evaluating such a vaccine. This
is the first edition of these guidelines, and comments and suggestions are welcome. They
should be forwarded to the Department of Standards and Regulatory Services (DSRS),
Ministry of Health, to help review for future editions.
In Kenya, it was observed that some commercial sex workers in Nairobi’s Majengo slum
were resistant to HIV infection despite repeated exposure. This observation led to research
on possible immune mechanisms involved in resistance and the development of a vaccine
construct. The resultant HIV/AIDS vaccine entered human trials conducted by the Kenya
AIDS Vaccine Initiative (KAVI) in collaboration with the Medical Research Council-UK
and the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) in 2001 in Nairobi. This marked the
beginning of the search for an HIV/AIDS vaccine in Kenya.
At that time it was noted that there were no clear and specific guidelines to aid in
developing and evaluating HIV/AIDS vaccines. Therefore the Ministry of Health began
developing the relevant guidelines. This was done by a process that involved setting up
the HIV/AIDS Vaccine Subcommittee and consulting stakeholders through a series of
workshops held under five themes—clinical, biomedical, law and ethics, community,
and policy. A two-day national consensus workshop was held to deliberate on the
document in November 2004. It was attended by over 100 stakeholders comprising
government ministries, researchers, health care workers, public and private universities,
NGOs, community representatives, professional societies and faith-based organizations
from all provinces.
The deliberations from these meetings were then incorporated into this document,
the Kenya National Guidelines for Research and Development of HIV/AIDS Vaccines. These
guidelines will be widely distributed and are expected to be used by all organizations,
institutions and individuals involved in developing and evaluating such a vaccine. This
is the first edition of these guidelines, and comments and suggestions are welcome. They
should be forwarded to the Department of Standards and Regulatory Services (DSRS),
Ministry of Health, to help review for future editions.
Research Interests:
This report summarizes baseline and midterm findings of an intervention pilot study conducted by Horizons, LINKAGES, National Food and Nutrition Commission, District Health Management Team, Hope Humana, and the Zambia Integrated Health... more
This report summarizes baseline and midterm findings of an intervention pilot study conducted by
Horizons, LINKAGES, National Food and Nutrition Commission, District Health Management
Team, Hope Humana, and the Zambia Integrated Health Program in Ndola District, Zambia. The
aim of the research is to investigate how integrating services for the prevention of mother-to-child
transmission (PMCT) of HIV into low-resource maternal and child health (MCH) and antenatal
care (ANC) settings influences women’s ability to make and implement informed decisions about
HIV. The intervention strengthened routine services and introduced HIV voluntary counseling and
testing (VCT) and PMCT counseling and services into the MCH/ANC setting. Exclusive
breastfeeding was promoted for all mothers with infants below 6 months old.
Horizons, LINKAGES, National Food and Nutrition Commission, District Health Management
Team, Hope Humana, and the Zambia Integrated Health Program in Ndola District, Zambia. The
aim of the research is to investigate how integrating services for the prevention of mother-to-child
transmission (PMCT) of HIV into low-resource maternal and child health (MCH) and antenatal
care (ANC) settings influences women’s ability to make and implement informed decisions about
HIV. The intervention strengthened routine services and introduced HIV voluntary counseling and
testing (VCT) and PMCT counseling and services into the MCH/ANC setting. Exclusive
breastfeeding was promoted for all mothers with infants below 6 months old.
Research Interests:
A pre-post intervention study conducted by Horizons, LINKAGES, the National Food and Nutrition Commission of Zambia, Ndola District Health Management Team, Hope Humana, and the Zambia Integrated Health Program demonstrated that the... more
A pre-post intervention study conducted by Horizons, LINKAGES, the National Food and
Nutrition Commission of Zambia, Ndola District Health Management Team, Hope Humana, and
the Zambia Integrated Health Program demonstrated that the provision of HIV voluntary
counseling and testing (VCT) and infant feeding counseling to mothers attending maternal and
child health (MCH) clinics are vital components of any mother-to-child transmission (MTCT)
reduction strategy, whether or not antiretrovirals (ARVs) are available. These interventions enable
mothers to make informed and healthy decisions.
Nutrition Commission of Zambia, Ndola District Health Management Team, Hope Humana, and
the Zambia Integrated Health Program demonstrated that the provision of HIV voluntary
counseling and testing (VCT) and infant feeding counseling to mothers attending maternal and
child health (MCH) clinics are vital components of any mother-to-child transmission (MTCT)
reduction strategy, whether or not antiretrovirals (ARVs) are available. These interventions enable
mothers to make informed and healthy decisions.
Research Interests:
This report was authored by the World Health Organization but Dr Samuel Kalibala was a key participant in the meeting during which he shared his data from PMTCT work in East and Southern Africa. WHO convened a meeting in Morges,... more
This report was authored by the World Health Organization but Dr Samuel Kalibala was a key participant in the meeting during which he shared his data from PMTCT work in East and Southern Africa.
WHO convened a meeting in Morges, Switzerland,
from 20 to 22 March 2002 to discuss the expected
contribution of various programme approaches to
preventing HIV infection in infants in different epidemiological
situations and service delivery settings and to provide guidance
to WHO on priority areas of work it should address to
optimize its contribution to global efforts in this area.
The participants emphasized that a comprehensive
approach was required to reach the goals specified in the
Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS of the United
Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS:
reducing the proportion of infants infected with HIV by
20 % by 2005 and by 50 % by 2010.
WHO convened a meeting in Morges, Switzerland,
from 20 to 22 March 2002 to discuss the expected
contribution of various programme approaches to
preventing HIV infection in infants in different epidemiological
situations and service delivery settings and to provide guidance
to WHO on priority areas of work it should address to
optimize its contribution to global efforts in this area.
The participants emphasized that a comprehensive
approach was required to reach the goals specified in the
Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS of the United
Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS:
reducing the proportion of infants infected with HIV by
20 % by 2005 and by 50 % by 2010.
Research Interests:
Dr Samuel Kalibala organized this workshop while working for UNAIDS. He also conducted the study on the feasibility of HIV Counseling in Myanmar 1992-4 while working for WHO GPA Program. The document starts off with the UNAIDS HCT Policy,... more
Dr Samuel Kalibala organized this workshop while working for UNAIDS. He also conducted the study on the feasibility of HIV Counseling in Myanmar 1992-4 while working for WHO GPA Program. The document starts off with the UNAIDS HCT Policy, which Dr Samuel Kalibala was responsible for drafting while working for UNAIDS Geneva. This is followed by the report of the regional workshop.
The HIV Counselling and Testing (C&T) Workshop for the Asian Region was
held at the ASEAN Institute for Health and Development. Mahidol University.
Bangkok, Thailand from 9-13 December 1996. This meeting was attended by thirteen
C&T experts, including representatives from India, Sri Lanka. the Philippines.
Indonesia, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Australia (a UNDP representative) and
UNAIDS, Geneva (Appendix A). During the five-day workshop. the draft report of the
Myanmar Counselling Feasibility Study (1994-96) was analysed to identify important
lessons learned from initiating C&T services into existing health services (Appendix
B), the draft UNAIDS C&T Stock-Taking report was reviewed and strategic
programmatic themes were identified (Appendix C), the draft UNAIDS Policy on HIV
Counselling and Testing (Appendix D) was reviewed and modified, a five-year
Strategy for Developing HIV Counselling and Testing Services in the Asian Region (
Page 10 of this report) was developed, and finally an informal network of HIV C&T
experts from the region was formed.
The HIV Counselling and Testing (C&T) Workshop for the Asian Region was
held at the ASEAN Institute for Health and Development. Mahidol University.
Bangkok, Thailand from 9-13 December 1996. This meeting was attended by thirteen
C&T experts, including representatives from India, Sri Lanka. the Philippines.
Indonesia, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Australia (a UNDP representative) and
UNAIDS, Geneva (Appendix A). During the five-day workshop. the draft report of the
Myanmar Counselling Feasibility Study (1994-96) was analysed to identify important
lessons learned from initiating C&T services into existing health services (Appendix
B), the draft UNAIDS C&T Stock-Taking report was reviewed and strategic
programmatic themes were identified (Appendix C), the draft UNAIDS Policy on HIV
Counselling and Testing (Appendix D) was reviewed and modified, a five-year
Strategy for Developing HIV Counselling and Testing Services in the Asian Region (
Page 10 of this report) was developed, and finally an informal network of HIV C&T
experts from the region was formed.
Research Interests:
A number
of countries are exploring ways to provide
care for people with AIDS outside of the
formal health care setting. A variety of innovative
care initiatives have emerged (15–17).
Home-based care is prominent among them.
of countries are exploring ways to provide
care for people with AIDS outside of the
formal health care setting. A variety of innovative
care initiatives have emerged (15–17).
Home-based care is prominent among them.
Research Interests:
Acknowledgements: The AIDS Vaccine Literacy Core Content represents the committed effort of many IAVI staff members and consultants. Many staff provided review and input on specific chapters, including Abigail Bing, Kate Bourne, Karen... more
Acknowledgements: The AIDS Vaccine Literacy Core Content represents the committed effort of many IAVI staff members and consultants. Many staff provided review and input on specific chapters, including Abigail Bing, Kate Bourne, Karen Chandler, Jean-Louis Excler, Sam Kalibala, Chrispin Kambili, Sushma Kapoor, Nzeera Ketter, Camille Massey, Megan McBride, Simon Noble, Vladimir Popovic, Claudia Schmidt, Chutima Suraratdecha, and Holly Wong.
The AIDS Vaccine Literacy Core Content represents the committed effort of many IAVI staff
members and consultants. Stacey Hannah managed the development of the book from
concept to completion, compiled the information and drafted much of the content. Special
acknowledgement for extensive writing and review of the Core Content goes to Emily Bass, Julie
Becker, and Pat Fast. IAVI’s in-country staff members Bonnie Bender, Subhadra Menon and
Emmanuel Mugisha provided valuable input and perspective. Many staff provided review and input
on specifi c chapters, including Abigail Bing, Kate Bourne, Karen Chandler, Jean-Louis Excler,
Sam Kalibala, Chrispin Kambili, Sushma Kapoor, Nzeera Ketter, Camille Massey, Megan McBride,
Simon Noble, Vladimir Popovic, Claudia Schmidt, Chutima Suraratdecha, and Holly Wong.
Michael Hariton contributed profi ciency and time to the graphic design, layout, and production of
the Core Content. For inspiration of the “vaccine literacy” and toolkit concepts, and initial support in developing the Core Content, utmost appreciation goes to Mitchell Warren.
The AIDS Vaccine Literacy Core Content represents the committed effort of many IAVI staff
members and consultants. Stacey Hannah managed the development of the book from
concept to completion, compiled the information and drafted much of the content. Special
acknowledgement for extensive writing and review of the Core Content goes to Emily Bass, Julie
Becker, and Pat Fast. IAVI’s in-country staff members Bonnie Bender, Subhadra Menon and
Emmanuel Mugisha provided valuable input and perspective. Many staff provided review and input
on specifi c chapters, including Abigail Bing, Kate Bourne, Karen Chandler, Jean-Louis Excler,
Sam Kalibala, Chrispin Kambili, Sushma Kapoor, Nzeera Ketter, Camille Massey, Megan McBride,
Simon Noble, Vladimir Popovic, Claudia Schmidt, Chutima Suraratdecha, and Holly Wong.
Michael Hariton contributed profi ciency and time to the graphic design, layout, and production of
the Core Content. For inspiration of the “vaccine literacy” and toolkit concepts, and initial support in developing the Core Content, utmost appreciation goes to Mitchell Warren.
Research Interests:
The contribution of the UNCST Task Force in preparing these guidelines is very much appreciated. The UNCST is grateful to the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, in particular Ms. Leslie Nielsen, Mr. Emmanuel Mugisha and Dr. Samuel... more
The contribution of the UNCST Task Force in preparing these guidelines is very much appreciated.
The UNCST is grateful to the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, in particular Ms. Leslie Nielsen, Mr. Emmanuel Mugisha and Dr. Samuel Kalibala for providing logistical support to the Task Force meetings, and the Makerere University – Walter Reed Project for offering to print initial few hundred copies of the guidelines.
The UNCST is also grateful to its staff namely: Mr. Edward Tujunirwe, Ms. Jane Nabbuto and Ms. Leah Nawegulo for the administrative support they rendered to the Task Force.
Finally, UNCST is thankful to all the stakeholders for their inputs which enriched these guidelines.
The UNCST is grateful to the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, in particular Ms. Leslie Nielsen, Mr. Emmanuel Mugisha and Dr. Samuel Kalibala for providing logistical support to the Task Force meetings, and the Makerere University – Walter Reed Project for offering to print initial few hundred copies of the guidelines.
The UNCST is also grateful to its staff namely: Mr. Edward Tujunirwe, Ms. Jane Nabbuto and Ms. Leah Nawegulo for the administrative support they rendered to the Task Force.
Finally, UNCST is thankful to all the stakeholders for their inputs which enriched these guidelines.
Research Interests: Ethics and Guidelines
The following UNAIDS staff participated in the meeting and contributed to the report: Stuart Kingma, M.D., Adviser on HIV/AIDS in Institutional Settings; Samuel Kalibala, M.D., Adviser on Care, Counselling and Social Support; Lydia... more
The following UNAIDS staff participated in the meeting and contributed to the report: Stuart Kingma, M.D., Adviser on HIV/AIDS in Institutional Settings; Samuel Kalibala, M.D., Adviser on Care, Counselling and Social Support; Lydia Temoshok, Ph.D., Consultant to UNAIDS.
The stimulus for convening
this consultation was the
evidence set forth in some
60 reported studies which
found median rates of
neurocognitive impairment
in 35% of physically
asymptomatic HIV-positive
individuals.
Rates of impairment
appear to be even higher in
studies that included
measurement of certain
specific functions: reaction
time, attention, and speeded
information processing.
The stimulus for convening
this consultation was the
evidence set forth in some
60 reported studies which
found median rates of
neurocognitive impairment
in 35% of physically
asymptomatic HIV-positive
individuals.
Rates of impairment
appear to be even higher in
studies that included
measurement of certain
specific functions: reaction
time, attention, and speeded
information processing.
Research Interests:
Toth Health Center Provides free primary health care to a needy population in a rural village in Eastern Uganda near Mbale.
Research Interests:
Namulaba Health Center provides primary health care to a needy remote rural community in Central Uganda.
Research Interests:
Key messages • Namulaba Health Center serves a rural remote village in central Uganda by conducting one primary health clinic on the last Saturday of each month. • Total number of clients seen in 2022 was 1,012, averaging 58 females and... more
Key messages
• Namulaba Health Center serves a rural remote village in central Uganda by conducting one primary health clinic on the last Saturday of each month.
• Total number of clients seen in 2022 was 1,012, averaging 58 females and 26 males per month
• Five most common conditions treated: Respiratory Tract Infections; Malaria; Hypertension; Peptic Ulcer Disease; and Fungal Skin Infection.
• Cost per patient treated was $ 6.86
• Total cost in 2022 was $6,946
• Average monthly cost was $ 578.85 in 2022
• Namulaba Health Center serves a rural remote village in central Uganda by conducting one primary health clinic on the last Saturday of each month.
• Total number of clients seen in 2022 was 1,012, averaging 58 females and 26 males per month
• Five most common conditions treated: Respiratory Tract Infections; Malaria; Hypertension; Peptic Ulcer Disease; and Fungal Skin Infection.
• Cost per patient treated was $ 6.86
• Total cost in 2022 was $6,946
• Average monthly cost was $ 578.85 in 2022
Research Interests:
In 2022, the top ten health conditions treated at Toth Health Center in rural Eastern Uganda were: 1. Respiratory Tract Infections; 2. Malaria; 3. Peptic Ulcer Disease; 4. Urinary Tract Infections; 5. Helminthiasis; 6. Fungal Skin... more
In 2022, the top ten health conditions treated at Toth Health Center in rural Eastern Uganda were: 1. Respiratory Tract Infections; 2. Malaria; 3. Peptic Ulcer Disease; 4. Urinary Tract Infections; 5. Helminthiasis; 6. Fungal Skin Infections; 7. Hypertension; 8. Peripheral Neuropathy; 9. Enteritis; and 10. Arthritis.
Research Interests:
This presentation was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on March 15, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational... more
This presentation was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on March 15, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
A response rate to SMS of 58% - encouraging & an indication that cell-phones can be used in following up alcohol dependent/addicted individuals to encourage them to take up alcohol risk reduction interventions. Out of the 725 clients... more
A response rate to SMS of 58% - encouraging & an indication that cell-phones can be used in following up alcohol dependent/addicted individuals to encourage them to take up alcohol risk reduction interventions.
Out of the 725 clients recruited in the study it was possible to interview 561 clients after six months i.e. a follow-up rate of 74% was achieved. Maintaining of contact by use
of cell phone is likely to have contributed to this rather good rate of follow up.
Out of the 725 clients recruited in the study it was possible to interview 561 clients after six months i.e. a follow-up rate of 74% was achieved. Maintaining of contact by use
of cell phone is likely to have contributed to this rather good rate of follow up.
Research Interests:
Nicole Haberland, Charity Ndwiga, Katharine McCarthy, Julie Pulerwitz, Rose Kosgei, Margaret Mak’anyengo, Sam Kalibala
SVRI Forum 2017
Rio, Brazil, 18-21 September
SVRI Forum 2017
Rio, Brazil, 18-21 September
Research Interests:
Namulaba IAS confenrece Abstract The prevalence of ABC (abstinence, being faithful and condom use) and factors influencing abstinence in a rural community: baseline survey of Namulaba church of Uganda AIDS project D. Sebyayi Muwanga, S.... more
Namulaba IAS confenrece Abstract The prevalence of ABC (abstinence, being faithful and condom use) and factors influencing abstinence in a rural community: baseline survey of Namulaba church of Uganda AIDS project D. Sebyayi Muwanga, S. Kalibala Background: This is a baseline survey of HIV knowledge, attitudes and behaviors for a faith-based project covering Nagojje sub-county and targeting all people regardless of religion.
Research Interests:
We use boys’ football and girls’ netball to reach out-of-school young people with messages about adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) because they are keen to participate in or watch these games. Health educators deliver... more
We use boys’ football and girls’ netball to reach out-of-school young people with messages about adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) because they are keen to participate in or watch these games. Health educators deliver messages over loud speakers before the games start, as people gather.
Research Interests:
In Primary Health Care we often use music, dance and drama to educate community members about health issues by singing out messages, dancing, reciting poems and acting skits that promote health and well-being.
Research Interests:
Photos of clinical work on a typical clinic day in a primary health care clinic in rural Uganda
Research Interests:
Toth Health Center provides Primary Health Care and HIV services to a rural remote community in Eastern Uganda.
Research Interests:
Dr. Sam Kalibala runs a community health clinic focusing on individuals living with AIDS in his home country of Uganda, traveling there 3-4 times a year. When he is back in town, Sam volunteers on Thursdays at Montgomery Station, our day... more
Dr. Sam Kalibala runs a community health clinic focusing on individuals living with AIDS in his home country of Uganda, traveling there 3-4 times a year.
When he is back in town, Sam volunteers on Thursdays at Montgomery Station, our day program for adults living with chronic mental illness. Sam offers a weekly group that discusses healthy living tips for diet, exercise, and social well-being. His group also covers topics of sex and sexuality such as relationships and dating, rights and responsibilities, and various sexually-transmitted diseases. Sam has been leading the group since March of 2018, and his sessions are popular among both the men and women at Montgomery Station.
Sam says he has learned so much as a volunteer in a mental health program. He was aware of the stigma that AIDS carries from his own work, and he now recognizes a similar stigma among those with mental illness. Sam has met men and women at Montgomery Station who are thoughtful contributors to discussions, respectful of each other, and excited to learn. Sam shared that clients recently asked to learn more about the opioid epidemic, so he prepared materials for a group session. Moving forward he is encouraging clients to suggest other topics of interest.
Ashley Void, Day Program and Outreach Director at Montgomery Station, says that "Sam is reliable and consistently supports our clients in an exceptional way. He educates our clients on best health practices and helps them apply these interventions to their everyday life!" And, as a client adds, "Sam has interesting topics each week. I look forward to his groups."
When he is back in town, Sam volunteers on Thursdays at Montgomery Station, our day program for adults living with chronic mental illness. Sam offers a weekly group that discusses healthy living tips for diet, exercise, and social well-being. His group also covers topics of sex and sexuality such as relationships and dating, rights and responsibilities, and various sexually-transmitted diseases. Sam has been leading the group since March of 2018, and his sessions are popular among both the men and women at Montgomery Station.
Sam says he has learned so much as a volunteer in a mental health program. He was aware of the stigma that AIDS carries from his own work, and he now recognizes a similar stigma among those with mental illness. Sam has met men and women at Montgomery Station who are thoughtful contributors to discussions, respectful of each other, and excited to learn. Sam shared that clients recently asked to learn more about the opioid epidemic, so he prepared materials for a group session. Moving forward he is encouraging clients to suggest other topics of interest.
Ashley Void, Day Program and Outreach Director at Montgomery Station, says that "Sam is reliable and consistently supports our clients in an exceptional way. He educates our clients on best health practices and helps them apply these interventions to their everyday life!" And, as a client adds, "Sam has interesting topics each week. I look forward to his groups."
Research Interests:
This presentation gives an overview of sexual abstinence. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on November 29, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as... more
This presentation gives an overview of sexual abstinence. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on November 29, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
This presentation gives an overview of sexual health. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on November 8, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of... more
This presentation gives an overview of sexual health. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on November 8, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
This presentation discusses HIV treatment. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on November 1, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day... more
This presentation discusses HIV treatment. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on November 1, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
This presentation discusses HIV prevention using condoms. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on October 4, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part... more
This presentation discusses HIV prevention using condoms. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on October 4, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
This presentation discusses HIV prevention using drugs. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on September 27, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as... more
This presentation discusses HIV prevention using drugs. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on September 27, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
This presentation discusses HIV testing. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on September 20, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day... more
This presentation discusses HIV testing. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on September 20, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
This presentation discusses HIV transmission. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on August 23, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day... more
This presentation discusses HIV transmission. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on August 23, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
This presentation discusses the history of HIV. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on August 16, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the... more
This presentation discusses the history of HIV. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on August 16, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
This presentation discusses shingles. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on August 2, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s... more
This presentation discusses shingles. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on August 2, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
This presentation discusses peptic ulcers. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on July 26, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day... more
This presentation discusses peptic ulcers. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on July 26, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
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This presentation discusses how to insect bites. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on July 19, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day... more
This presentation discusses how to insect bites. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on July 19, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
This presentation discusses how to keep one’s body cool. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on July 5, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of... more
This presentation discusses how to keep one’s body cool. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on July 5, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
This presentation discusses oral health and lifestyle. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on June 21, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of... more
This presentation discusses oral health and lifestyle. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on June 21, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
This presentation discusses viral hepatitis. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on June 14, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day... more
This presentation discusses viral hepatitis. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on June 14, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
This presentation discusses the role of recreation in health and wellbeing. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on June 7, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery... more
This presentation discusses the role of recreation in health and wellbeing. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on June 7, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
This presentation discusses prevention of injuries. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on May 31, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the... more
This presentation discusses prevention of injuries. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on May 31, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
This presentation discusses the dangers of smoking. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on May 10, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the... more
This presentation discusses the dangers of smoking. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on May 10, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
This presentation discusses the role of a good sleep in health and wellbeing. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on May 3, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery... more
This presentation discusses the role of a good sleep in health and wellbeing. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on May 3, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
This presentation discusses the role of personal hygiene and wellness. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on April 26, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery... more
This presentation discusses the role of personal hygiene and wellness. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on April 26, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
This presentation discusses the interaction between wellness and sexually transmitted diseases. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on April 19, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness... more
This presentation discusses the interaction between wellness and sexually transmitted diseases. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on April 19, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
This presentation discusses the interaction between lifestyle and hypertension. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on April 12, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the... more
This presentation discusses the interaction between lifestyle and hypertension. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on April 12, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
This presentation discusses the interaction between lifestyle and diabetes type-2. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on April 5, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the... more
This presentation discusses the interaction between lifestyle and diabetes type-2. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on April 5, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
This presentation discusses food and healthy living. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on March 27, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of... more
This presentation discusses food and healthy living. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on March 27, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
This presentation discusses the role of social support in healthy living. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on March 22, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery... more
This presentation discusses the role of social support in healthy living. It was part of a group discussion that Dr Samuel Kalibala conducted on March 22, 2018 with adults recovering from serious mental illness attending the Montgomery Station as part of the Day Program’s Psycho-Educational Group Activities at Family Services Inc Family Services, Inc. 610 East Diamond Ave, Suite 100 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 301-840-3201 www.fs-inc.org.
Research Interests:
The article was endorsed by the following Ugandans among other international experts: - President Yoweri Museveni, Uganda - Daraus Bukenya, African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) - Gideon Byamugisha, World Vision, Uganda -... more
The article was endorsed by the following Ugandans among other international experts:
- President Yoweri Museveni, Uganda
- Daraus Bukenya, African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF)
- Gideon Byamugisha, World Vision, Uganda
- Heiner Grosskurth, Medical Research Council and Uganda Virus Research Institute
- Jesse Kagimba, Office of the Presidency, Uganda
- Noerine Kaleeba, TASO, Uganda and UNAIDS
- Sam Kalibala, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative;
-Anatoli Kamali, Medical Research Council Programme, Uganda
- Elizabeth Madraa, Ministry of Health, Uganda
- Sam Okware, Ministry of Health, Uganda
- Sam Ruteikara, CHUSA and Anglican Church of Uganda
- Nelson Sewankambo, Makerere University
- Martin Ssempa, Makerere Community Church of Uganda
Straight Talk Foundation, Uganda
The HIV/AIDS pandemic is an urgent health and growing humanitarian crisis, especially in the high-prevalent sub-Saharan Africa, where most new infections continue to occur. President Museveni and a team of AIDS experts with divergent views have agreed on how to fight sexual transmission of HIV. Below is an abridged version of their paper published in The Lancet, an internationally respected medical journal The HIV/AIDS pandemic is an urgent health and growing humanitarian crisis, especially in the high-prevalent sub-Saharan Africa, where most new infections continue to occur. On World AIDS Day (Dec 1), two decades after the discovery of the AIDS virus and after millions of deaths, a consensus has to be reached on a sound public-health approach to the prevention of HIV. Although transmission through injections is a serious and increasing problem, here, we focus on sexual transmission, which continues to account for most infections globally. Sexual behaviour is influenced by many factors not always under an individual’s control, including gender norms and social and economic conditions. However, the public-health community has an obligation to offer accurate information on how to avoid HIV and encourage changes in societal norms. Although prevention should encompass multiple integrated elements including links to expanded treatment-access, behaviours aimed at risk-avoidance and risk reduction must remain the cornerstone. We call for an end to the polarising debate and urge the international community to unite around an inclusive evidence-based approach to slow the spread of HIV, based on these principles: First, programmatic approaches must be locally endorsed, relevant to the indigenous social and cultural context and respectful of human rights. Interventions must also be epidemiologically grounded, addressing the main sources of new infections, whether concentrated in high-risk settings such as commercial sex or spread widely through multiple concurrent partnerships. The ABC (Abstain, Be faithful/reduce partners, use Condoms) approach can play a vital role in reducing the prevalence of HIV, as occurred in Uganda. The elements of this approach are essential to reduce HIV incidence, although the emphasis placed on individual elements needs to vary according to the target population. Although the overall programmatic mix should include an appropriate balance of A, B and C, it isn’t
- President Yoweri Museveni, Uganda
- Daraus Bukenya, African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF)
- Gideon Byamugisha, World Vision, Uganda
- Heiner Grosskurth, Medical Research Council and Uganda Virus Research Institute
- Jesse Kagimba, Office of the Presidency, Uganda
- Noerine Kaleeba, TASO, Uganda and UNAIDS
- Sam Kalibala, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative;
-Anatoli Kamali, Medical Research Council Programme, Uganda
- Elizabeth Madraa, Ministry of Health, Uganda
- Sam Okware, Ministry of Health, Uganda
- Sam Ruteikara, CHUSA and Anglican Church of Uganda
- Nelson Sewankambo, Makerere University
- Martin Ssempa, Makerere Community Church of Uganda
Straight Talk Foundation, Uganda
The HIV/AIDS pandemic is an urgent health and growing humanitarian crisis, especially in the high-prevalent sub-Saharan Africa, where most new infections continue to occur. President Museveni and a team of AIDS experts with divergent views have agreed on how to fight sexual transmission of HIV. Below is an abridged version of their paper published in The Lancet, an internationally respected medical journal The HIV/AIDS pandemic is an urgent health and growing humanitarian crisis, especially in the high-prevalent sub-Saharan Africa, where most new infections continue to occur. On World AIDS Day (Dec 1), two decades after the discovery of the AIDS virus and after millions of deaths, a consensus has to be reached on a sound public-health approach to the prevention of HIV. Although transmission through injections is a serious and increasing problem, here, we focus on sexual transmission, which continues to account for most infections globally. Sexual behaviour is influenced by many factors not always under an individual’s control, including gender norms and social and economic conditions. However, the public-health community has an obligation to offer accurate information on how to avoid HIV and encourage changes in societal norms. Although prevention should encompass multiple integrated elements including links to expanded treatment-access, behaviours aimed at risk-avoidance and risk reduction must remain the cornerstone. We call for an end to the polarising debate and urge the international community to unite around an inclusive evidence-based approach to slow the spread of HIV, based on these principles: First, programmatic approaches must be locally endorsed, relevant to the indigenous social and cultural context and respectful of human rights. Interventions must also be epidemiologically grounded, addressing the main sources of new infections, whether concentrated in high-risk settings such as commercial sex or spread widely through multiple concurrent partnerships. The ABC (Abstain, Be faithful/reduce partners, use Condoms) approach can play a vital role in reducing the prevalence of HIV, as occurred in Uganda. The elements of this approach are essential to reduce HIV incidence, although the emphasis placed on individual elements needs to vary according to the target population. Although the overall programmatic mix should include an appropriate balance of A, B and C, it isn’t
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Sam Kalibala, medical associate at the Population Council, said, "Clearly most of the leaders have been able to say the words 'AIDS.' ... The next step is to give leadership that allows quick implementation of AIDS programs in the... more
Sam Kalibala, medical associate at the Population Council, said, "Clearly most of the leaders have been able to say the words 'AIDS.' ... The next step is to give leadership that allows quick implementation of AIDS programs in the countries.
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Approximately $55 million is required annually to continue Kenya's comprehensive HIV/AIDS vaccine program, according to the locally based International Aids Vaccine Initiative (IAVI). At present, said Samuel Kalibala, regional... more
Approximately $55 million is required annually to continue Kenya's comprehensive HIV/AIDS vaccine program, according to the locally based International Aids Vaccine Initiative (IAVI).
At present, said Samuel Kalibala, regional representative of the IAVI, approximately $30 million is spent each year on vaccine research and trials.
Kalibala said that 70 people had been involved in HIV/AIDS vaccine trials in Kenya since 2001, and noted that more than 50 percent of them had developed what he termed "good immunity" as a result of the treatment. He added, however, that "it will not be until the end of 2008 that the trials are completed and conclusive results are attained."
At present, said Samuel Kalibala, regional representative of the IAVI, approximately $30 million is spent each year on vaccine research and trials.
Kalibala said that 70 people had been involved in HIV/AIDS vaccine trials in Kenya since 2001, and noted that more than 50 percent of them had developed what he termed "good immunity" as a result of the treatment. He added, however, that "it will not be until the end of 2008 that the trials are completed and conclusive results are attained."
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Dr SAMUEL KALIBALA: One is a study to test a vaccine against Herpes Simplex Virus. This study found that the vaccine’ ¦ had 75 % protectiveness for women, but no protectiveness for men. Now, that conclusion cannot be confirmed until we... more
Dr SAMUEL KALIBALA: One is a study to test a vaccine against Herpes Simplex Virus. This study found that the vaccine’ ¦ had 75 % protectiveness for women, but no protectiveness for men. Now, that conclusion cannot be confirmed until we have enough samples of women. Unfortunately in that study there were few women. Another study where again there was some suggestion of difference in protectiveness is the Vax-Gen trial of HIV vaccine Phase 3 trial where 5 500 people were recruited, but only 309 of them were women. But they found that 2.7 % of the men got infected, but only 0.8 % of the women got infected. This suggests again that the vaccine might protect women more than it protects men. But again, it is a suggestion, and can only be confirmed when we have a large enough sample of women.’
www.health-e.org.za/2003/11/07/gender-a-factor-in-vaccine-trialliving-with-aids-151/ South Africa ushered in a milestone event in the history of HIV/AIDS this week when the first of two human clinical trials of an HIV vaccine started in Durban and Johannesburg. Recent studies have shown that the efficacy of a vaccine can vary between men and women and so there has been a special effort […] Transcript: Duration 4 min 23 secs Dr TIM TUCKER: Well, it' s very important that we develop a vaccine that is equally efficacious in men and women. We know that young women acquire HIV at an earlier age, on average, than men. We know that women are often disempowered, and particularly so, within the environment of sexual empowerment. And so, it' s very important that in our trials we recruit equal numbers of men and women, so that we can have clinical trials where the findings are equally applicable to men and women. KB: Dr Tim Tucker, Director of SAAVI, the South African AIDS Vaccine Initiative. Dr Samuel Kalibala is the East and Southern African Representative of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative. To illustrate the importance of gender balance in recruitment for HIV vaccines, he told of two recently completed vaccine trials that suggest greater efficacy among women than men. Dr SAMUEL KALIBALA: One is a study to test a vaccine against Herpes Simplex Virus. This study found that the vaccine' ¦ had 75 % protectiveness for women, but no protectiveness for men. Now, that conclusion cannot be confirmed until we have enough samples of women. Unfortunately in that study there were few women. Another study where again there was some suggestion of difference in protectiveness is the Vax-Gen trial of HIV vaccine Phase 3 trial where 5 500 people were recruited, but only 309 of them were women. But they found that 2.7 % of the men got infected, but only 0.8 % of the women got infected. This suggests again that the vaccine might protect women more than it protects men. But again, it is a suggestion, and can only be confirmed when we have a large enough sample of women.'
www.health-e.org.za/2003/11/07/gender-a-factor-in-vaccine-trialliving-with-aids-151/ South Africa ushered in a milestone event in the history of HIV/AIDS this week when the first of two human clinical trials of an HIV vaccine started in Durban and Johannesburg. Recent studies have shown that the efficacy of a vaccine can vary between men and women and so there has been a special effort […] Transcript: Duration 4 min 23 secs Dr TIM TUCKER: Well, it' s very important that we develop a vaccine that is equally efficacious in men and women. We know that young women acquire HIV at an earlier age, on average, than men. We know that women are often disempowered, and particularly so, within the environment of sexual empowerment. And so, it' s very important that in our trials we recruit equal numbers of men and women, so that we can have clinical trials where the findings are equally applicable to men and women. KB: Dr Tim Tucker, Director of SAAVI, the South African AIDS Vaccine Initiative. Dr Samuel Kalibala is the East and Southern African Representative of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative. To illustrate the importance of gender balance in recruitment for HIV vaccines, he told of two recently completed vaccine trials that suggest greater efficacy among women than men. Dr SAMUEL KALIBALA: One is a study to test a vaccine against Herpes Simplex Virus. This study found that the vaccine' ¦ had 75 % protectiveness for women, but no protectiveness for men. Now, that conclusion cannot be confirmed until we have enough samples of women. Unfortunately in that study there were few women. Another study where again there was some suggestion of difference in protectiveness is the Vax-Gen trial of HIV vaccine Phase 3 trial where 5 500 people were recruited, but only 309 of them were women. But they found that 2.7 % of the men got infected, but only 0.8 % of the women got infected. This suggests again that the vaccine might protect women more than it protects men. But again, it is a suggestion, and can only be confirmed when we have a large enough sample of women.'
Research Interests:
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Counseling (Okuyamba Omuntu mubilowozo bye): Counselling is a communication through which a person is helped to assess his/her current situation, explore his/her feelings, and arrive at a solution to cope with the situation. Counseling... more
Counseling (Okuyamba Omuntu mubilowozo bye): Counselling is a communication through which a person is helped to assess his/her current situation, explore his/her feelings, and arrive at a solution to cope with the situation. Counseling moves a person from not having hope and not knowing where their life is going to having hope and knowing where their life is going. Coping with the situation (Okugumira embera nga bweri): Coping refers to the ability to manage or deal effectively with a situation or a problem. Emotions are quick thoughts that come to our minds in response to something good or bad. Emotions may be considered positive or negative. Emotions can destroy us if they are not properly handled. Even emotions to a good thing can destroy us. For example if you get good news and you rejoice too much it can destroy you. (Participants should give examples of over-rejoicing which can destroy a person). A good community health worker (CHW) helps people to learn how they can avoid the dangers of over-rejoicing. Emotions can build us if we handle them well. Even emotions reacting to a bad thing can sometimes build a person. We have the ability to turn something bad that has happened to us into a good thing. (Participants should give examples of a bad thing happening to person but which can help to build that person). A good CHW helps people to learn how they can build themselves out of a bad situation. Effective Communication (Empuliziganya enungi): Is the ability to express oneself clearly and in the proper way that fits the situation. We can express ourselves with words (verbally) or without using words but using our faces or our shoulders (non-verbally) when we are with other people in the family or community. (Participants should give examples of how a person can express a good or bad feeling to another person without using words). Just saying anything does not mean you are communicating well to that person or to those people. Effective communication is a skill that can be learned and a person can become a good communicator if they keep practicing good communication. It involves listening well to others, respect others, observing other people carefully. The purpose of this training is to make you a good communicator. Good communication helps to improve relationships and reduce possibilities of conflict among people. A good CHW uses good communication to help people improve relationships with their loved ones, family and neighbors.
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This is a talk given by Dr Samuel Kalibala during the training of community health workers for the Nakaloke Development initiative for rural Communities (NADECO) in Mbale District in Eastern Uganda. The talk focuses on how a community... more
This is a talk given by Dr Samuel Kalibala during the training of community health workers for the Nakaloke Development initiative for rural Communities (NADECO) in Mbale District in Eastern Uganda. The talk focuses on how a community health worker (CHW) should prepare for and undertake a home visit to discuss the topic of Water Safety and Hygiene (WASH). Some of the key phrases are translated into the local language Luganda.
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Let me start by congratulating all of us for the twenty years over which TASO has struggled to do its share of achieving the aforementioned ideal situation. TASO has been successful because of the team effort of many people including the... more
Let me start by congratulating all of us for the twenty years over which TASO has struggled to do its share of achieving the aforementioned ideal situation. TASO has been successful because of the team effort of many people including the communities, the clients and their families, TASO staff, TASO managers, TASO leaders and TASO founders. In addition the leadership and guidance given by community leaders, political leaders, the government and the President should not be taken for granted. Our donors and their staff and volunteers have been critical to this success. I will not attempt to mention names but I can not resist to mention Maama Kaleeba. We all love her and are proud of her! Let me also use this chance to congratulate Dr Alex Coutinho for serving his sentence at TASO so successfully. And in the same note let me welcome Robert Ochai who has just taken over the driving seat and assure him that we backbenchers are behind him. Twenty years ago when TASO started responding to HIV/AIDS All that could be done about AIDS was counseling without testing and treating AIDS based on a clinical diagnosis. The only testing we could access were a few tests that could be spared from the 96 tests that came in the test kit that was used for testing blood for transfusion. We were basically trying to stop a running river using our bare hands. We reached very few people but for each one that we reached it made a difference in their life. There is a story told about this woman who was walking by the beach of an ocean and found fish that had been washed ashore by the waves and they were about to die and she was picking one by one and throwing them back to the ocean. The fish were many and she could not throw all of them back. A passerby asked her, " Why are you wasting time? There are so many fish that have been washed ashore, you are picking just a few it will not make a difference. " She replied, as she threw one more into the ocean, " It will make a difference for this one. " Indeed, for the few lives that TASO managed to reach with this bare-hands approach it made a difference.
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Sexual Counseling by Ssengas: a culture in some tribes in Uganda A talk by Dr Samuel Kalibala: Director Namulaba Health Center This message is about the sexual counseling of women with the aim of assisting them to make their sex more... more
Sexual Counseling by Ssengas: a culture in some tribes in Uganda A talk by Dr Samuel Kalibala: Director Namulaba Health Center This message is about the sexual counseling of women with the aim of assisting them to make their sex more enjoyable for their husbands so that husbands do not need to seek sex elsewhere in order to get satisfaction. In Uganda in some of the tribes, especially the Baganda, the largest tribe, this tradition existed as a form of premarital counseling. The aunts of the bride would spend a week with her before the marriage teaching her about her sexual organ and how she can use it to please her husband. This was because usually the girl was a virgin and had no idea what she was supposed to do during sex. Even if the girl were to be not a virgin, she usually had limited sexual experience most of which would have been passive. This culture has died down due to modernity. However, with HIV there has been talk of reviving this counseling as a form of sexual and reproductive health counseling for girls. First it is thought that since this counseling was traditionally done before, it will receive little resistance from parents and religious leaders. Secondly, it would be acceptable to have the aunt talk to her niece about these things. If accepted this approach could achieve the following outcomes with regard to HIV/ AIDS. In the first place it would be a means to openly discuss sex and sexuality and HIV prevention including condom use. It would also be a means to empower the young girl and make her an active participant in sexual intercourse with the objective to keep her future husband sexually pleased with her. This will hopefully lead to a more enjoyable, longer lasting and mutually faithful marital union. Hence it will help to prevent the spread of AIDS. This approach can also be applied to women who are already married but feel that they need some sexual counseling. They could be referred to women " elders " who would act as their aunts and provide them with this service. Women needing such a service could be identified by health or social workers or HIV counselors and they could refer them to the women elders. And the information could be publicly provided and women needing this service could go to these women elders and receive the counseling. In churches, there are women groups. For example in the Anglican Church there is the Mother's Union. These groups could take on this service and provide it to both the adolescent girls and to mature women. So, in Namulaba, we are testing out this kind of service and we hope that we can learn lessons that we can disseminate to other parts of the country and the world.
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When Dr. Musa completed his internship in Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda, in mid-August 1985 he was posted to Masaka Hospital 135 Km south west of Kampala. Unfortunately, the hospital did not have houses for doctors because the houses... more
When Dr. Musa completed his internship in Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda, in mid-August 1985 he was posted to Masaka Hospital 135 Km south west of Kampala. Unfortunately, the hospital did not have houses for doctors because the houses had been destroyed in the 1979 war. So, he was sent to rent a two-bedroom apartment at a place called Ssaza, 3 Km away. The military barracks was off the road from the hospital to Ssaza.
During that time, the Uganda Army was fighting a losing war against Museveni’s rebels. In the first week of October 1985, Museveni’s rebels cut off Masaka from Kampala at Katonga bridge. They also established themselves at a hill above Masaka Hospital from where they were sending artillery to the Uganda Army Barracks and the army was returning fire flying over Masaka Hospital. Health workers and patients fled the hospital. Dr. Musa fled on foot to Kyotera, 43 Km south of Masaka, near the border with Tanzania where he started running a clinic attached to a medicine vendor’s shop.
Meanwhile a woman called Mariam, operating a bar at Ssaza, who was a concubine of the commander of the Uganda Army in the barracks, quickly changed allegiance and became a supporter of Museveni’s rebels. When the Uganda Army soldiers in the barracks surrendered and were given safe passage to Kampala, her bar at Ssaza became the drinking place for Museveni’s rebels. She was also appointed to conduct elections of local councils when people returned from villages where they had fled.
Museveni captured Kampala on 26 Jan 1986 and that day he was sworn in as president, but it took a while to get medicines and other supplies as well as staff salaries to Masaka Hospital. So, the hospital was only re-opened in April 1986. In the meantime, Dr. Musa had returned to Masaka at the end of December 1985 and started working in a private clinic in Masaka town center while living at Ssaza in his two-room apartment while visiting Mariam’s bar in the evenings.
During that time, the Uganda Army was fighting a losing war against Museveni’s rebels. In the first week of October 1985, Museveni’s rebels cut off Masaka from Kampala at Katonga bridge. They also established themselves at a hill above Masaka Hospital from where they were sending artillery to the Uganda Army Barracks and the army was returning fire flying over Masaka Hospital. Health workers and patients fled the hospital. Dr. Musa fled on foot to Kyotera, 43 Km south of Masaka, near the border with Tanzania where he started running a clinic attached to a medicine vendor’s shop.
Meanwhile a woman called Mariam, operating a bar at Ssaza, who was a concubine of the commander of the Uganda Army in the barracks, quickly changed allegiance and became a supporter of Museveni’s rebels. When the Uganda Army soldiers in the barracks surrendered and were given safe passage to Kampala, her bar at Ssaza became the drinking place for Museveni’s rebels. She was also appointed to conduct elections of local councils when people returned from villages where they had fled.
Museveni captured Kampala on 26 Jan 1986 and that day he was sworn in as president, but it took a while to get medicines and other supplies as well as staff salaries to Masaka Hospital. So, the hospital was only re-opened in April 1986. In the meantime, Dr. Musa had returned to Masaka at the end of December 1985 and started working in a private clinic in Masaka town center while living at Ssaza in his two-room apartment while visiting Mariam’s bar in the evenings.
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Dr. Musa, as chair, had expected all committee members to gather at 8 am but only a handful was available at 9 am and yet the wedding was scheduled for 12 noon; most of them were nursing hangovers from the bachelor’s party. The bride had... more
Dr. Musa, as chair, had expected all committee members to gather at 8 am but only a handful was available at 9 am and yet the wedding was scheduled for 12 noon; most of them were nursing hangovers from the bachelor’s party. The bride had not been taken to the beauty salon. The decorator had been provided the wrong table clothes. Then, Dr. Musa was let in on the secret that the groom and best man had spent the night with the Twins—two single ladies infamous for trapping men. Dr. Musa struggled to confine this secret while he sent a member of the committee to extract the groom and best man from the Twins’ place.
After sending another committee member to pick up the bride, Dr. Musa needed money to pay for the bride’s salon and for a van to pick up the bride’s relatives. However, when the treasurer finally turned up, he informed Dr. Musa that the wedding had no money left. Then Dr. Musa learned that the bride was being beautified by, off all people, the Twins at their salon. The Twins were doing that work on credit and they also provided the correct table clothes to the decorator for free. Despite his anger with the Twins, for what they had done the night before, he was beginning to like them.
At 11: 30 am when he realized that the bride had not arrived at the venue, Dr. Musa requested the priest that the wedding be moved to 2:00 pm. The priest assured him that, no matter the chaos, the groom will marry the bride that day. At 3:30 pm the Twins turned up with the bride as it started to rain heavily and the groom married his bride as the guests waded in ponds of water from their cars to the church. Despite his hatred for the Twins, Dr. Musa invited them for the wedding after-party trusting that they would not be disreputable like at the bachelor’s party. Unfortunately, following the after-party the Twins did their thing again—they took off with the best man and another man.
After sending another committee member to pick up the bride, Dr. Musa needed money to pay for the bride’s salon and for a van to pick up the bride’s relatives. However, when the treasurer finally turned up, he informed Dr. Musa that the wedding had no money left. Then Dr. Musa learned that the bride was being beautified by, off all people, the Twins at their salon. The Twins were doing that work on credit and they also provided the correct table clothes to the decorator for free. Despite his anger with the Twins, for what they had done the night before, he was beginning to like them.
At 11: 30 am when he realized that the bride had not arrived at the venue, Dr. Musa requested the priest that the wedding be moved to 2:00 pm. The priest assured him that, no matter the chaos, the groom will marry the bride that day. At 3:30 pm the Twins turned up with the bride as it started to rain heavily and the groom married his bride as the guests waded in ponds of water from their cars to the church. Despite his hatred for the Twins, Dr. Musa invited them for the wedding after-party trusting that they would not be disreputable like at the bachelor’s party. Unfortunately, following the after-party the Twins did their thing again—they took off with the best man and another man.
Research Interests:
Dr. Musa, a young doctor working for the program on Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) for the Ministry of Health in Uganda fell in love with his first car—a thirteen-year-old dilapidated green Datsun 160-J two-door sports car. The more... more
Dr. Musa, a young doctor working for the program on Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) for the Ministry of Health in Uganda fell in love with his first car—a thirteen-year-old dilapidated green Datsun 160-J two-door sports car. The more he loved it and invested in it the more it gave back to him in performance and faithfulness. For example, the car was faithful when he used it to travel with a consultant from the World Health Organization (WHO) to conduct a study on STDs among the military and sex workers in two distant locations from Kampala, the capital of Uganda. However, sometimes the 160-J would fail him. One time he had to drive it in one gear, because the clutch was dead, at night for 78 kilometers with his wife and kids in the car. Another time he had to keep turning the engine on and off while driving on a long distance because it was over heating.
The 160-J also made Dr. Musa vulnerable to unwanted approaches from single women when he was also single after separation from his wife. The car in its sports model driven with an empty passenger seat gave the impression that the driver was looking for a woman to occupy that seat. Further, the driving tricks he learnt from the old 160-J, such as jump-starting a car while it was being pushed, made him a hero but caused undue expectations from women, when he helped with jump starting their cars. In the end Dr. Musa lamented that as the auto industry was migrating towards more automated cars and towards electric cars, the tricks he had learnt from his old 160-J were becoming obsolete. Please join Dr. Musa as he narrates the story of his love for his first car.
The 160-J also made Dr. Musa vulnerable to unwanted approaches from single women when he was also single after separation from his wife. The car in its sports model driven with an empty passenger seat gave the impression that the driver was looking for a woman to occupy that seat. Further, the driving tricks he learnt from the old 160-J, such as jump-starting a car while it was being pushed, made him a hero but caused undue expectations from women, when he helped with jump starting their cars. In the end Dr. Musa lamented that as the auto industry was migrating towards more automated cars and towards electric cars, the tricks he had learnt from his old 160-J were becoming obsolete. Please join Dr. Musa as he narrates the story of his love for his first car.
Research Interests:
After working in Geneva for about five years, Dr. Musa arrived in Nairobi Kenya in January 1998 to start a new job. Three months later, he was carjacked. At first, he was scared that the carjackers were going to kill him, but they assured... more
After working in Geneva for about five years, Dr. Musa arrived in Nairobi Kenya in January 1998 to start a new job. Three months later, he was carjacked. At first, he was scared that the carjackers were going to kill him, but they assured him that they were looking for money to feed their children and they did not intend to hurt him. He believed them. He relaxed as they continued driving him around Nairobi in the night in his car after emptying his pockets. He relaxed so much that he fell asleep and had to be woken up by the gunmen to let him go with his car as they went their way on foot. Dr. Musa’s family reacted with shock. At first, they were reluctant to join him at his workstation in Nairobi, but over the 13 years he spent in Nairobi, his family’s love for Nairobi increased. His daughters learnt driving on the streets of Nairobi. After Dr. Musa was transferred from Nairobi to Washington DC in Jan 2012, one of his daughters, a physician, returned to Nairobi for a clinical attachment in the Aga Khan Hospital. During the clinical attachment, March to April 2012, she drove a Toyota Land Cruiser every day to work, in Nairobi, alone without family.
Research Interests:
During Amin’s rule, 1971 to 1979, the Ugandan economy deteriorated; and was supported by an illegal coffee smuggling business. School students struggled to pay school fees and meet their economic needs. "Coffee Smugglers" narrates the... more
During Amin’s rule, 1971 to 1979, the Ugandan economy deteriorated; and was supported by an illegal coffee smuggling business. School students struggled to pay school fees and meet their economic needs. "Coffee Smugglers" narrates the competition to impress girls, between students who were wealthy, due to coffee smuggling, and the academic elite who were barely surviving financially but thriving academically. Musa, our main character, a member of the academic elite is barely able to keep in school because he is suspended every term for lack of school fees. He is constantly pressured by his friend, Harry the coffee smuggler, to swing a few smuggling trips and get enough money for school fees and nice clothing. Meanwhile Musa manages to keep up appearances to impress Mary, an exotic girl born and bred abroad, who promises to visit him at home. Due to lack of a good house, beddings and so on, Musa calls off the visit. In the end Musa emerges successful academically, with high grades, but without the girl’s visit.
Research Interests:
In some countries, Born-Again Christians speak and behave differently from ordinary Christians. “My Friend Was a Born-Again Christian,” set in a Primary School in rural Uganda in the period 1966 to 1972 portrays the difference in behavior... more
In some countries, Born-Again Christians speak and behave differently from ordinary Christians. “My Friend Was a Born-Again Christian,” set in a Primary School in rural Uganda in the period 1966 to 1972 portrays the difference in behavior and study style among two close friends who were from the same tribe with the only difference being that one was born-again while the other was not.
Research Interests:
In some situations of occupation of one country by another, often the occupying power makes use of a local tribe, that is cooperative, to help the occupier govern the other local tribes. “Colonial Languages Divided My People,” set in... more
In some situations of occupation of one country by another, often the occupying power makes use of a local tribe, that is cooperative, to help the occupier govern the other local tribes. “Colonial Languages Divided My People,” set in Uganda that gained independence from Britain in 1962, examines the pre- and post- independence impact of the British using a major tribe the “Baganda,” to govern tribes in Eastern Uganda. The author observes that the delegated colonial governance divided the tribes along economic and linguistic lines depending on whether one was proficient in the “Baganda” language or in English, making the local tribal languages useless or almost extinct.
Research Interests:
In many poor communities, due to lack of school fees many young people fail to achieve their full potential. In How I Barely Made it, set in Uganda in 1973, a successful medical doctor narrates how his place in secondary school was almost... more
In many poor communities, due to lack of school fees many young people fail to achieve their full potential. In How I Barely Made it, set in Uganda in 1973, a successful medical doctor narrates how his place in secondary school was almost given away to other students on the waiting list had it not been for a kind neighbor who noticed that he was not in school when he was supposed to be.
Research Interests:
Set in the period when Uganda was a British colony between 1900 and 1962; “The Village Injectionist” examines the system in which the British governed the kingdom of the largest tribe, the Baganda, who in turn ruled minor eastern tribes... more
Set in the period when Uganda was a British colony between 1900 and 1962; “The Village Injectionist” examines the system in which the British governed the kingdom of the largest tribe, the Baganda, who in turn ruled minor eastern tribes using Baganda administrators. The key character, Yosamu, from a minor eastern tribe, is educated, exposed to civilization, and converted to Christianity by a Baganda missionary reverend. Yosamu gets a job as a Health Orderly through which he learns to give injections, but also acquires a status of a Baganda-like elite group of gentlemen from eastern tribes.
When he retires from his job he works from home as a village injectionist, while making banana wine to entertain his elite club for free; and remains a relaxed bachelor for a while. When he decides to marry, he marries up, because he wants a Baganda woman instead of a local tribal woman, to match his Baganda-like status. However, his wife, a Baganda woman, who was, by definition, more enterprising than him, soon demands that the wine is sold for money. From then on a raging storm emerges in Yosamu’s life. Calm returns when he settles to live separately from his wife and kids while maintaining the Baganda-like elite club, with his wife selling banana wine and living with the kids in a separate house.
When he retires from his job he works from home as a village injectionist, while making banana wine to entertain his elite club for free; and remains a relaxed bachelor for a while. When he decides to marry, he marries up, because he wants a Baganda woman instead of a local tribal woman, to match his Baganda-like status. However, his wife, a Baganda woman, who was, by definition, more enterprising than him, soon demands that the wine is sold for money. From then on a raging storm emerges in Yosamu’s life. Calm returns when he settles to live separately from his wife and kids while maintaining the Baganda-like elite club, with his wife selling banana wine and living with the kids in a separate house.
Research Interests:
This is a story based in Uganda in the period 1920 to 1980 during which the country was under British colonial rule followed by the first self-governing political system that ended into a military dictatorship. Naomi narrates her life’s... more
This is a story based in Uganda in the period 1920 to 1980 during which the country was under British colonial rule followed by the first self-governing political system that ended into a military dictatorship. Naomi narrates her life’s story as she struggled against the existing male dominated system that challenged women who wanted to become professional women and housewives at the same time.
Research Interests:
This is a story based in Uganda in the period 1920 to 1980 during which the country was under British colonial rule followed by the first self-governing political system that ended into a military dictatorship. Naomi narrates her life’s... more
This is a story based in Uganda in the period 1920 to 1980 during which the country was under British colonial rule followed by the first self-governing political system that ended into a military dictatorship. Naomi narrates her life’s story as she struggled against the existing male dominated system that challenged women who wanted to become professional women and housewives at the same time.
Research Interests:
Representing the International Aids Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Dr. Samuel Kalibala, Regional Representative, Kenya, started his speech by saying that the world’s three leading infectious killers (HIV, Tuberculosis and Malaria) needed new... more
Representing the International Aids
Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Dr. Samuel
Kalibala, Regional Representative, Kenya,
started his speech by saying that the
world’s three leading infectious killers
(HIV, Tuberculosis and Malaria) needed
new technological solutions. Vaccines are
part of a comprehensive response to
AIDS, Dr. Kalibala said. There is also a
need to continue with advocacy and
supportive policies for scaling up HIV
Prevention and Treatment. New
Prevention Technologies (NPTs) could
complement existing prevention methods
in the short term and can move toward a
long-term sustainable solution, he
explained.
Subsequently, Dr. Kalibala mentioned the
following NPTs:
• Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PREP): ARVs
to individuals who are at a high risk of
getting HIV;
• Microbicides: gels applied vaginally to
reduce risk of HIV;
• Male circumcision;
• AIDS vaccine.
Dr. Kalibala explained that a vaccine could
have the largest impact as an effective
prevention tool for both men and women.
He said that IAVI is building a favourable
research environment in countries where
vaccine research is conducted. IAVI is
working with policy makers and politicians
to ensure high-level support for its work,
he added.
Dr. Kalibala explained that vaccines are
tested in three phases to prove their
potency. In East Africa a vaccine passed
the first testing phase and is now going
through the second phase. Another vaccine
is being developed by the Swiss and
currently tested in Tanzania.
Dr. Kalibala concluded his speech by
saying that the world needed an AIDS
vaccine, and he quoted words from the
Former US President Bill Clinton, who
spoke at the International AIDS
Conference in Toronto in August 2006:
“Every avenue must be pursued to control
and prevent the spread of AIDS, while the
search for a vaccine continues. I know it
seems like a long way away, I think a
decade away. It is hard to imagine a world
totally without AIDS without a vaccine”. •
Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Dr. Samuel
Kalibala, Regional Representative, Kenya,
started his speech by saying that the
world’s three leading infectious killers
(HIV, Tuberculosis and Malaria) needed
new technological solutions. Vaccines are
part of a comprehensive response to
AIDS, Dr. Kalibala said. There is also a
need to continue with advocacy and
supportive policies for scaling up HIV
Prevention and Treatment. New
Prevention Technologies (NPTs) could
complement existing prevention methods
in the short term and can move toward a
long-term sustainable solution, he
explained.
Subsequently, Dr. Kalibala mentioned the
following NPTs:
• Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PREP): ARVs
to individuals who are at a high risk of
getting HIV;
• Microbicides: gels applied vaginally to
reduce risk of HIV;
• Male circumcision;
• AIDS vaccine.
Dr. Kalibala explained that a vaccine could
have the largest impact as an effective
prevention tool for both men and women.
He said that IAVI is building a favourable
research environment in countries where
vaccine research is conducted. IAVI is
working with policy makers and politicians
to ensure high-level support for its work,
he added.
Dr. Kalibala explained that vaccines are
tested in three phases to prove their
potency. In East Africa a vaccine passed
the first testing phase and is now going
through the second phase. Another vaccine
is being developed by the Swiss and
currently tested in Tanzania.
Dr. Kalibala concluded his speech by
saying that the world needed an AIDS
vaccine, and he quoted words from the
Former US President Bill Clinton, who
spoke at the International AIDS
Conference in Toronto in August 2006:
“Every avenue must be pursued to control
and prevent the spread of AIDS, while the
search for a vaccine continues. I know it
seems like a long way away, I think a
decade away. It is hard to imagine a world
totally without AIDS without a vaccine”. •
Research Interests:
Namulaba Health Center provides Primary Health Care in its clinic and, in addition, trains and supports a cadre of community health workers (CHWs) who educate fellow community members about HIV, reproductive health, nutrition and hygiene.... more
Namulaba Health Center provides Primary Health Care in its clinic and, in addition, trains and supports a cadre of community health workers (CHWs) who educate fellow community members about HIV, reproductive health, nutrition and hygiene. This manual is the latest version of the training curriculum. We used it for the training of six new CHWs, September 9-13, 2019.
Research Interests:
A podcast to mark the 50th anniversary of the expulsion of Asians from Uganda. The interviewees share their diverse experiences with compassion and authenticity. The podcast is rich and unique in content, sharing different perspectives... more
A podcast to mark the 50th anniversary of the expulsion of Asians from Uganda. The interviewees share their diverse experiences with compassion and authenticity. The podcast is rich and unique in content, sharing different perspectives from:
1. People directly affected and had to leave Uganda 2. People who stayed behind in Uganda 3. Writers who have found inspiration in the stories of the expulsion 4. Second generation Asians whose parents were directly affected
5. Academics who have researched and written about the topic
6. Listeners of the podcasts sharing their perspectives
Episode Description
Sam was only 13 years old when the Indians were expelled from Uganda. In this episode, he shares how his life changed after 1972. “The deterioration of the economy is what changed my life … poverty descended upon my family”. He also sheds light on the challenges of post independent African countries.
1. People directly affected and had to leave Uganda 2. People who stayed behind in Uganda 3. Writers who have found inspiration in the stories of the expulsion 4. Second generation Asians whose parents were directly affected
5. Academics who have researched and written about the topic
6. Listeners of the podcasts sharing their perspectives
Episode Description
Sam was only 13 years old when the Indians were expelled from Uganda. In this episode, he shares how his life changed after 1972. “The deterioration of the economy is what changed my life … poverty descended upon my family”. He also sheds light on the challenges of post independent African countries.
Research Interests:
Namulaba Health Center in Uganda developed a community health worker (CHW) training manual covering the following topics: HIV/AIDS; Family Planning; Care During Pregnancy; Child Health; Malaria; Record Keeping as a CHW. Please see... more
Namulaba Health Center in Uganda developed a community health worker (CHW) training manual covering the following topics: HIV/AIDS; Family Planning; Care During Pregnancy; Child Health; Malaria; Record Keeping as a CHW. Please see training manual uploaded here: https://samuelkalibala.academia.edu/.
The training was conducted by, Mrs. Margaret Kizito, the chair of the community network; Phoebe Namigadde, the Program Officer; Florence Wanaka, a Senior CHW; and Sister Ruth Babirye, the Sister in Charge of the clinic. It was a three-day training (9-11 September 2019) that comprised of reading assignments, discussions and role plays. A graduation ceremony was conducted on 19th October 2019.
After the graduation, the trainees started participating in monthly supervision meetings with two of the trainers, Mrs. Kizito and Ms. Namigadde during which they will be presenting case studies of the education and counseling that they carry out in the community and they will be receiving supervisory support from the trainers. These meetings are scheduled to go on for six months. This document is an ongoing compilation of case studies that CHW turn in at each monthly meeting.
The training was conducted by, Mrs. Margaret Kizito, the chair of the community network; Phoebe Namigadde, the Program Officer; Florence Wanaka, a Senior CHW; and Sister Ruth Babirye, the Sister in Charge of the clinic. It was a three-day training (9-11 September 2019) that comprised of reading assignments, discussions and role plays. A graduation ceremony was conducted on 19th October 2019.
After the graduation, the trainees started participating in monthly supervision meetings with two of the trainers, Mrs. Kizito and Ms. Namigadde during which they will be presenting case studies of the education and counseling that they carry out in the community and they will be receiving supervisory support from the trainers. These meetings are scheduled to go on for six months. This document is an ongoing compilation of case studies that CHW turn in at each monthly meeting.
Research Interests:
Before starting each day’s teaching, the trainers should read the fact sheet about each topic the day before and understand it fully. For example, if tomorrow you are going to teach community health workers (CHW) about HIV/AIDS, please... more
Before starting each day’s teaching, the trainers should read the fact sheet about each topic the day before and understand it fully. For example, if tomorrow you are going to teach community health workers (CHW) about HIV/AIDS, please read the fact sheet about HIV/AIDS. Then start the training by asking participants about what they know about HIV/AIDS using the questions in the HIV/AIDS section. Please give as much time as possible for participants to say what they know, to disagree with each other and to discuss. After all their responses about a question are finished then you give the facts from the fact sheet. Repeat this process question by question until you finish all the questions.
After the questions are over and you have answered all of them, please hand each participant a factsheet of that topic and ask them to take turns in reading, sentence by sentence. And ask them to translate the sentence into Luganda. One person reads the first sentence and the person next reads the second sentence and so on. After all the factsheet has been read, give time to participants to ask you questions and answer them before concluding. Please let each participant take with them their fact sheet.
Role Plays (Kateemba or drama play)
Role plays are like drama. They are the main activity we use to train our CHWs the skills of teaching people in the community and homes, either individuals or groups.
Start by informing the participants that after learning the facts about the topic (e.g. HIV/AIDS) now we have become experts in the knowledge. We now need to learn how to give the knowledge to our neighbors in the community. We will learn by trying out the conversation with fellow participants or trainers as if they were the real people in the village.
After the questions are over and you have answered all of them, please hand each participant a factsheet of that topic and ask them to take turns in reading, sentence by sentence. And ask them to translate the sentence into Luganda. One person reads the first sentence and the person next reads the second sentence and so on. After all the factsheet has been read, give time to participants to ask you questions and answer them before concluding. Please let each participant take with them their fact sheet.
Role Plays (Kateemba or drama play)
Role plays are like drama. They are the main activity we use to train our CHWs the skills of teaching people in the community and homes, either individuals or groups.
Start by informing the participants that after learning the facts about the topic (e.g. HIV/AIDS) now we have become experts in the knowledge. We now need to learn how to give the knowledge to our neighbors in the community. We will learn by trying out the conversation with fellow participants or trainers as if they were the real people in the village.