Basics of Computer
Block Diagram, Characteristics,
Classification, Generations, I/O
Devices, Memory Hierarchy
Block Diagram of Computer
• Input Unit → Central Processing Unit (CPU) → Output Unit
• CPU consists of: Control Unit (CU), Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Memory
Unit
Characteristics of Computer
• Speed: Processes data very fast
• Accuracy: Provides precise results
• Automation: Works without continuous human interaction
• Versatility: Can perform multiple tasks
• Storage: Can store large amounts of data
• Connectivity: Enables networking
Classification of Computers
• Based on size: Microcomputers, Minicomputers, Mainframe,
Supercomputers
• Based on purpose: General Purpose, Special Purpose
Generations of Computers
• 1st Generation: Vacuum Tubes
• 2nd Generation: Transistors
• 3rd Generation: Integrated Circuits
• 4th Generation: Microprocessors
• 5th Generation: AI and Advanced Computing
Input Devices
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Scanner
• Microphone
• Camera
• Touch Screen
Output Devices
• Monitor
• Printer
• Speaker
• Projector
• Headphones
• Plotter
Memory Hierarchy
• Registers → Cache → Primary Memory (RAM, ROM) → Secondary Storage
(HDD, SSD) → Tertiary Storage (CD/DVD, Cloud)
• Characteristics: Speed, Cost, Capacity
Summary
• Block diagram explains computer functioning
• Characteristics highlight strengths
• Classification: size & purpose
• Generations: evolution over time
• Input/output devices: interaction with computer
• Memory hierarchy: storage organization
Thank You
• Closing note
• Computer-related background
Operating System: Definition
• An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer
hardware and software resources.
• It provides a platform for running application programs.
Purpose of Operating System
• Acts as an intermediary between user and hardware.
• Provides environment to execute programs.
• Ensures efficient utilization of resources.
Functions of Operating System
• Process management
• Memory management
• File system management
• Device management
• Security and access control
• User interface
Services of Operating System
• Program execution
• I/O operations
• Communication (Inter-process communication)
• Error detection and handling
• Resource allocation
• Accounting and monitoring
Types of Operating System
• Batch Operating System
• Multiprogramming Operating System
• Time-Sharing Operating System
• Real-Time Operating System
• Distributed Operating System
• Network Operating System
