Diagnostic Test in General
Mathematics
IQ Score Distribution
Norms
Norms are a fundamental concept in the social
sciences.
They are most defined as rules or expectations that
are socially enforced.
Norms may be prescriptive (encouraging positive
behavior; for example, “be honest”) or proscriptive
(discouraging negative behavior; for example, “do not
cheat”).
Statistics and Probability
Week 3:
Normal Probability
Distribution
Kester T. Badenas
Special Science Teacher I, Mathematics
Puerto Princesa City National Science High School
The Standard Normal Distribution
the normal distribution is also called the Gaussian
Distribution. In honor of its proponent, Carl Friedrich
Gauss, a German mathematician and physicist.
The normal (or Gaussian) distribution was first described
by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1809 in the context of
measurement errors in astronomy. During the 19th century,
this distribution was applied extensively in the developing
area of applied probability and statistics.
The Normal Curve
Lesson 1
The Standard Normal Distribution
Properties of a Standard Normal Curve
The curve of a distribution is bell-shaped.
It is symmetrical.
The three measures of central tendency are found in
the center, therefore they are equal
The standard deviation of the distribution
determined the width of the curve
The curve is asymptotic to its baseline.
The area under the curve is 1. Thus, it represents
the probability associated with specific sets of
measurement values
Areas Under the Normal Curve
Areas under the standard normal curve can
be found using the table.
These areas are regions under the normal
curve.
Zero and the z-score
CASE 1: Area between zero and z-score
Example 1:
Find the area between and .
Example 2:
Find the area between and .
Major Region
CASE 2: Majority of the Region is Shaded
Example 3: Find the area to the left of
Example 4: Find the area to the right of
Minor Region
CASE 3: Minority of the Region is Shaded
Example 5: Find the area to the left of
Example 6: Find the area to the right of
Two z-scores with like signs
CASE 4: Area between two z-scores
a) The z-scores are found in the same half of the curve
Example 7:
Find the area between and .
Example 8:
Find the area between and .
Two z-scores with unlike signs
CASE 4: Area between two z-scores
b) The z-scores are found in the different half of the curve
Example 9:
Find the area between and .
Example 10:
Find the area between and .
Exercises
Find the area…
1) …between 𝑧=0 and 𝑧=−1.236) …to the left of 𝑧=−1.32
2) …to the left of 𝑧=2.98 7) …to the right of 𝑧=−0.94
3) …to the right of 𝑧=1.63 8) …between 𝑧=−0.55 and
4) …between 𝑧=−1.11 and 𝑧=−0.13
𝑧=−0.34 9) …between 𝑧=2.72 and
5) …between 𝑧=1.69 and 𝑧=0 𝑧=−2.19
Standard Scores
Lesson 2
Standard Scores
The standard score or z-score measures how
many standard deviation a given value (x) is
above or below the mean
z-scores are useful in comparing observed
values.
A positive z-score indicates that the score or the
observed value is above the mean, whereas a
negative z-score indicates that the score or
observed value is below the mean.
Standard Scores
Formula for Sample: Formula for Population:
Where:
= standard score
= raw score
= mean
= standard deviation
Examples:
Find:
1) The z-score of a sample with the given
data
2) The population z-score with
Problems involving
Standard Scores
Lesson 2
Example 1
On a final examination in Mathematics, the
mean was 76 and the standard deviation was
5. Determine the standard score of a student
who received a score of 88 assuming the
scores are normally distributed.
Example 2
Melody gets a score of 85 in a Biology test
and 80 in a Math test. Scores in the Biology
test have a mean of 75 and standard
deviation of 5. Scores in the Math test have a
mean of 76 and a standard deviation of 4. In
which subject in her standing better
assuming that the scores in the two subjects
are normally distributed?
Example 3
A certain type of flashlight battery lasts on
the average of 5 years with a standard
deviation of 0.75 year. Assuming that the
battery lives are normally distributed, find the
probability that a given battery will last less
than 3.5 years?
Example 4
The mean height of the students in Grade 12
Newton is 167 cm and the standard deviation
is 3.5 cm. Assuming that the heights are
normally distributed, what percent of the
heights is:
a. greater than 175 cm?
b. between 155 and 170 cm?
Example 5
The mean weight of randomly selected 1,000
students at a certain high school is 140
pounds and the standard deviation is 10
pounds. Assuming that the weights are
normally distributed, how many students
weigh:
a. between 120 and 145 pounds?
b. more than 150 pounds?
Example 6
In an English test, the mean is 60 and the
standard deviation is 6. Assuming that the
scores are normally distributed, what percent
of the scores is:
a. greater than 65?
b. less than 70?
c. between 50 and 65?
Example 7
Consider the normal distribution of IQs with a
mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 16.
What percentage of IQs are:
a. greater than 95?
b. less than 120?
c. Between 90 and 110?
