Statistics and Probability Page 1 of 10 pages

Name: Grade and Section:

Module 3: Normal Distribution

Time Allotment: February 21-March 7, 2022

In this module, you will be learning about some continuous types of distribution that
will lead you to the use and application of a normal distribution. Through this distribution, the
inferences made regarding a population can be visualized. It will help you more to visualize
and understand continuous random variables since, in the first module, we devoted our time
to discrete random variables. You will also further understand standard deviation and its use
in this module.

You are expected to finish this module in 2 weeks. Supporting video tutorials and
PowerPoint presentations are also provided for you to watch and study further explanations
and examples.

General Instructions

1. Answer the Pre-Assessment and all the Practice Exercises on your notebook and check
your answers using the given answers in the PowerPoint Presentation entitled “Answers to
Practice Exercises”.
2. Follow the sequence of activities in this module for a better flow of learning.
3. You are encouraged to use the textbook (Math Connections in the Digital Age: Statistics
and Probability by Melosantos et.al.) and other references for deeper understanding of
the topics.
4. You may use scientific calculators and other mathematical applications like GeoGebra,
Desmos, Khan Academy, GeometryPad, BuzzMath, Brainscape Flashcards, Singapore
Maths and other applications which are free.

Objectives

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

A. identify regions under the normal curve corresponding to different standard normal
values;
B. compute probabilities using the standard normal table;
C. enumerate the characteristics of a normal distribution; and
D. solve problems involving the areas under the normal curve.

Lesson Proper

We have said that random variables come in two different types. In this module we will
discuss continuous random variables. Remember, a continuous random variable is a random
variable with values that can be associated with any of the points in a segment of a number
line. We will use a distribution to treat data that are continuous in nature. This distribution is
commonly known as the normal probability distribution or simply the normal curve. The normal
curve is frequently used as a mathematical model in inferential statistics. Through the normal
curve, the inferences made regarding a population can be visualized.
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 Statistics and Probability Page 2 of 10 pages

Normal Distribution

A continuous random variable can be spread out in different ways.

It can be spread out It can be spread out

Or it can be all
more on the left more on right
jumbled up
(Negatively Skewed) (Positively Skewed)

But there are many cases where the data tends to be around a central value with no bias left
or right, and it gets close to a "Normal Distribution" like this:

A Normal Distribution is often called a “Bell Curve” because it looks like a bell.

In life, many things closely follow a Normal Distribution:

- heights of people - blood pressure

- size of things produced by machines - marks on a test
- errors in measurements
But what really is a normal distribution?
A normal distribution is the most common distribution of data. This distribution is a bell
shaped curve where the mean, median, and mode are at the peak. It is a powerful tool in
statistics because it allows us to make inferences about the whole population based on some
characteristics of a sample.

The peak of the bell-shaped curve is found at the center of the distribution. The peak of the
curve is the position of the mean. The distribution thins out as the values move away from the
mean. Interestingly, the curve can be stretched to infinity at both sides, and it will never reach
the x-axis. It can get really close to the x-axis but it will never touch it. Normal distribution does
not just represent a probability distribution of a continuous random variable. A normal
distribution, or the bell-shaped curve, can also represent data distribution.

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 Statistics and Probability Page 3 of 10 pages

As there are so many curves satisfying or exhibiting the characteristics of the normal
distribution, it is important to have a standard curve that we can use to do statistical
computations.
The standard normal distribution is a normal distribution with a standard deviation of 1 and a
mean of 0. The corresponding curve is shown below.

For the characteristics of a normal distribution and standard normal distribution, refer to
the PowerPoint Presentation entitled “Normal Distribution”.
𝒙−𝒙̅
To compute for the standard score z-score), we use the formula z= where x is the raw score,
𝝈

̅ is the mean and σ is the population standard deviation

𝒙
Positive values of z-score indicate the number of standard deviations an observation is
above the mean while a negative z-score indicates that the observation is below the mean.
Consider 𝑥̅ =48 and σ=4, study the table as follows.
x Z
56 2

48 0
44 -1

The score 56 is two standard deviations from the mean. Thus, the standard score or the z-score
is 2.
The score 48 is exactly equal to the mean. It is zero standard deviation from the mean, thus,
the z-score is 0.
The score 44 is one standard deviation from the mean. Thus, the standard score or the z-score
is -1.
Example 1: Given an observed score of 40, a population mean of 43, and a standard
deviation of 1.5, what is the conversion of 40 to its z-score?
𝑥−𝑥̅ 40−43
z= = = -2
𝜎 1.5

This indicates that the observed score is 2 standard deviations below the mean.

Example 2:
Given an observed score of 64, a population mean of 58 and a standard deviation of 2.33,
what is the conversion of 64 to its z-score and what is the area of the z-score?
𝑥−𝑥̅ 64−58
z= = = 2.5751073≈ 2.58
𝜎 2.33

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 Statistics and Probability Page 4 of 10 pages

In getting the area of the z-score, the first column indicates the first two digits of the z-score,
say for example in z=2.58, find 2.5 in the first column. The first row indicates the last digit, in 2.58,
8 is the last digit.
Z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 . 08 .09
2.2 .4861 .4864 .4868 .4871 .4875 .4878 .4881 .4884 .4887 .4890
2.3 .4893 .4896 .4898 .4901 .4904 .4906 .4909 .4911 .4913 .4916
2.4 .4918 .4920 .4922 .4925 .4927 .4929 .4931 .4932 .4934 .4936
2.5 .4938 .4940 .4941 .4943 .4945 .4946 .4948 .4949 .4951 .4952

Thus, the area of z= 2.58 is 0.4951. It can be interpreted as 49.51% of the z’s are values
between 0 and 2.58. It can also be interpreted as 49.51% probability that a score will be
between 0 and 2.58 standard deviations from the mean.

In getting the area, refer to your textbook. For new books it’s on page 287 and for old book it’s
on APPENDIX page 1.

For more examples refer to the PowerPoint Presentation entitled “Standardizing a Raw Score”.
Understanding the Areas Under the Normal Curve
By converting the possible values of a normally distributed random variable to its
corresponding z-score, the normal distribution is standardized, thus making it easier to analyze.
The z-score is not an entirely different quantity. It is derived from x, which is the value that
the continuous random variable assumes.
A. Between 0 and any z-value
To find the area between 0 and any z value, draw the curve then find for the area of the
given z-score in the table.
Example 1: Determine the area under the standard normal curve between 0 and 1.96.

Area1.96 = .4750

B. In any tail
To find the area in any tail, draw the normal curve, find the area of the z-score in the table
then subtract it from 0.5.
Example 1: Find the area under the normal curve to the right of z=0.71.
Area0.71= 0.2611
Areashadedpart = 0.5 – 0.2611
Areashadedpart = 0.2389
C. Between two z-values on the same side of the mean

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 Statistics and Probability Page 5 of 10 pages

To find the area between two z-values on the same side of the mean, draw the curve, find the
area of the two z-scores, then subtract the smaller area from the larger area.
Example 1: Find the area under the normal curve between z=1.08 and z=2.96.
Area1.08= 0.3599 Area2.96= 0.4985
Areashadedpart = 0.4985-.3599
Areashadedpart = 0.1386

D. Between two z-values on the opposite side of the mean

To find the area between two z-values on the opposite side of the mean, draw the curve, find
the area of the two z-scores, then add the areas.
Example 1: Determine the area under the normal curve between z= -1.27 and z= 0.89.
Area-1.27= 0.3980 Area0.89= 0.3133
Areashadedpart = 0.3980 + 0.3133
Areashadedpart = 0.7113

E. To the left of any z-value, where z is greater than the mean

To find the area to the left of any z-value, where z is greater than the mean, draw the curve,
find the area of the z-score then add 0.5
Example 1: Find the area to the left of z=1.99
Area1.99 = 0.4767
Areashadedpart = 0.5 + 0.4767
Areashadedpart = 0.9767

F. To the right of any z-value, where z is less than the mean

To find the area to the right of any z-value, where z is less than the mean, draw the curve, find
the area of the z-score then add 0.5
Example 1: Find the area to the right of z= -1.35
Area-1.35= 0.4115
Areashadedpart = 0.5 + 0.4115
Areashadedpart = 0.9115

G. In any two tails

First Solution:
To find the area in any two tails, draw the curve, find the area of the two z-scores, add the
areas then subtract it from 1.
Second Solution:
To find the area in any two tails, draw the curve, find the area of the two z-scores, subtract
each area from 0.5, and then add the difference.

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 Statistics and Probability Page 6 of 10 pages

Example 1: Find the area to the right of z=2.43 and to the left of z= -1.87

First Solution: Second Solution:

Area-1.87 = 0.4693 Area2.43 = 0.4925 Area-1.87 = 0.4693 Area2.43 = 0.4925
Area-1.87+2.43 = 0.4693 + 0.4925 Area = 0.5- 0.4693 Area= 0.5- 0.4925
Area-1.87+2.43 = 0.9618 Area = .0307 Area= .0075
Areashadedpart = 1- .9618 Areashadedpart = .0307 + .0075
Areashadedpart = 0.0382 Areashadedpart = 0.0382

Refer to the given PowerPoint Presentation entitled “Areas Under the Normal Curve” for more
examples.

Applications of the Areas Under the Normal Curve

Let’s now try to apply our understanding about the areas under the Normal Curve
Example 1: The sitting height (from seat to top of head) of drivers must be considered in the
design of a new car model. Men have sitting heights that are normally distributed with a mean
of 36 inches and a standard deviation of 1.4 inches (based on anthropometric survey data
from Gordon, Clauser, et.al.). Engineers have provided plans that can accommodate men
with sitting heights up to 38.8 inches, but taller men cannot fit. If a man is randomly selected,
find the probability that he has a sitting height less than 38.8 inches. Based on the result, is the
current engineering design feasible?
Solutions:
Convert 38.8 inches into its equivalent z-score.
38.8−36
z= =2
1.4

Area0 = .4772

Areashadedpart = 0.5 + 0.4772 ≈ 97.72%

Therefore, the probability that a man has a sitting height less than 38.8 inches is 97.72%.
Conclusion: Therefore, the current engineering design is feasible because 97.27% of the men
have a sitting height of less than 38.8 inches.

For more examples, refer to the PowerPoint Presentation entitled “Applications of the
Areas Under the Normal Curve”

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 Statistics and Probability Page 7 of 10 pages

Practice Exercise 1

For you to have practice on applying the concepts under the area of the normal curve,
answer Work It Up! numbers 13-18, pages 63-64, Chapter 2.2 of your reference book.

What Have You Learned?

ctivity
Answer the given problems correctly and completely. Write all your answers in the
answer sheet and show your complete solutions. This will be recorded under your
SUMMATIVE TEST # 2 (20 points) and PERFORMANCE TASK #2 (30 points).

Entailment
tailment

The normal distribution is the most important probability distribution in statistics

because it fits many natural phenomena. For example, the heights, weights,
measurement error, IQ scores and blood pressure.
Many people, especially the old ones tend to set aside small things that later
on have a great impact in their life especially in their health, just like their blood
sugar and blood pressure.
As an individual, how can you help your body in maintaining or in being
physically fit? How can you make yourself be emotionally, spiritually, physically
and mentally healthy especially this time of the pandemic?

References:
Books:
Melosantos. et. al (2016). Math Connections in the Digital Age. Sibs Publishing House, Inc.
Albay, et. al (2016) Statistics and Probability. Diwa Learning Systems Inc.
Oronce (2016) Statistics and Probability. Rex Book Store Inc.
Bacani & Soriano (2017). Statistics and Probability for Grade 11. Ephesians Publishing Inc.
Dimasuay et.al. (2016). Statistics and Probability. C & E Publishing Inc.

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 Statistics and Probability Page 8 of 10 pages

CN: _____ Name: ___________________________________ Grade & Section: _____________________

ANSWER SHEET
Module 3: Normal Distribution

February 14-28, 2022

What Have You Learned?

ctivity

SUMMATIVE TEST #2
I. MULTIPLE CHOICES
Write the CAPITAL LETTER of the correct answer on the line before each number. Use a
separate sheet of paper for the solution. (20 points)

________1. Which among the following is TRUE about the normal distribution?
A. The mean, median, and mode are all equal.
B. It approaches the y-axis asymptotically on both sides.
C. Its highest point is directly above the curve.
D. The bell curve is only narrow in shape.
________2. What is the corresponding area under the standard normal curve if the z-score is
0.70?
A. 0.0279 B. 0.2850 C. 0.0297 D. 0.2580
________3. What is the conversion of 54 to its z-score, if the population mean is 58 and the
standard deviation is 1.32?
A. - 3.30 B. -3.03 C. 3.03 D. 3.30
________4. What is the corresponding raw score if the computed z-score is 3.11, mean is 35 and
the standard deviation is 2.25?
A. 41 B. 42 C. 43 D. 44
________5. What is the corresponding area under the standard normal curve if the z-score is
3.07?
A. 0.4899 B. 0.4989 C. 0.4998 D. 0.4999
For numbers 6-10, read and analyze the given problem, then solve for the following.
The mean number of sports drinks consumed per day in Saint Louis College is 1240
bottles with a standard deviation of 30. What is the probability that the following number of
bottles is consumed in a day?
________6. What is the probability that more than 1,220 bottles are consumed in a day?
A. 74.66% B. 74.68% C. 74.86% D. 74.88%
________7. What is the probability that less than 1,280 bottles are consumed in a day?
A. 8.19% B. 9.18% C. 8.91% D. 9.81%
________8. What is the probability that between 1,210 to 1,290 bottles are consumed in a day?
A. 79.33% B. 79.38% C. 79.83% D. 79.88%
________9. What is the probability that more than 1,270 bottles are consumed in a day?
A. 15.78% B. 15.87% C. 17.58% D. 17.85%
________10. What is the probability that between 1,240 and 1,300 bottles are consumed in a
day?
A. 42.27% B. 42.77% C. 47.27% D. 47.72%

PERFORMANCE TASK #2
The learners are able to explore the concepts of statistics specifically in solving
problems and interpreting values that involve the Areas Under the Normal Curve.
GOAL: The goal is for the students to solve and interpret the results of their computations.
ROLE: The students will serve as researchers under the Department of Education
AUDIENCE: The output will be evaluated by Statisticians, Research Specialist and Department
of Education Directors and Panelists
SITUATION: The Department of Education wants to determine the number of hours a student
answers his/her module. They want to ensure that the students can answer their task easily by
the help of the video tutorials and handouts that are given to the students. As specialists on
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 Statistics and Probability Page 9 of 10 pages

the said field, they want to determine if there is a progression on the academic performance
of the students and if they can pass their tasks on time. Thus, the head of the Department of
Education wanted the research team to conduct a study regarding the said concern. As a
part of the research team you need to do the task and submit the output on or before
February 28, 2022.
The students will conduct a research in which they need to solve the following problems in
order to determine the probabilities for each concern.
PRODUCT: They need to submit a paper showing their computations of the Areas Under the
Normal Curve.
STANDARDS: The research output will be evaluated based on the following: a) Accuracy and
Correctness b) Organization and c) Interpretation

GIVEN:
A study shows in a certain school that the average number of hours a student answers his/her
module in a day is 26.8 hours with a standard deviation of 5.57. Assuming that the data are
normally distributed,
a) What is the number of hours in answering modules of a certain student with a z-score of 1.47?
b) Find the probability that the number of hours spent by a student in answering his/her modules
is greater than 28 hours.
c) Find the probability that the number of hours spent by a student in answering his/her modules
is less than 42 hours.
d) Find the probability that the number of hours spent by a student in answering his/her modules
is between 19 hours and 28 hours.
e) If there were 2,780 students in that school, how many students spent between 15 and 41 hours
in answering his/her modules.

a) b) c)

d) e)

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 Statistics and Probability Page 10 of 10 pages
Entailment
tailment

Progress Checker
Checker
Competency Checklist:
Assess your understanding of the lesson. Please be honest in evaluating
the lesson. You have to choose one of the three emojis that matches the
statement below. Write the letter of your choice on the table provided.

Happy face or Thinking face Crying face

“I get it” “I don’t quite get everything” “I’m stuck and need help”

A. I can identify regions under the normal curve corresponding to different standard normal
values.

B. I know how to compute probabilities using the standard normal table.

C. I can enumerate the characteristics of a normal distribution.

D. I can solve problems involving the areas under the normal curve.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This is to certify that I have reviewed the entries in the answer sheet of my child.

___________________________________________________________
Parent’s/Guardian’s Signature over Printed Name/Date

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