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Introduction To Computer Architecture

This document provides an introduction to computer architecture, defining a computer as a machine for processing, storing, and retrieving data. It categorizes computer systems into desktop and embedded types, and discusses core components such as the processor, memory, and I/O devices. Additionally, it contrasts Von Neumann and Harvard architectures, highlighting their respective advantages and the role of the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) in computations.

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8 views16 pages

Introduction To Computer Architecture

This document provides an introduction to computer architecture, defining a computer as a machine for processing, storing, and retrieving data. It categorizes computer systems into desktop and embedded types, and discusses core components such as the processor, memory, and I/O devices. Additionally, it contrasts Von Neumann and Harvard architectures, highlighting their respective advantages and the role of the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) in computations.

Uploaded by

abdulsatartijani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

Computer Architecture
Engr. Dr. Akpofure Enughwure
What is a Computer?
• Definition: A machine designed to process, store, and retrieve data.
• Data Representation:
• Numbers (spreadsheets), text, images, sound, system states (e.g., air
conditioner).
• Key Components:
• Processor, memory, I/O devices.
Figure 1: Block Diagram of Computer
Categories of Computer Systems
• Desktop Computers:
• General-purpose, runs varied software (orchestrated by OS).
• User-controlled software installation.
• Embedded Computers:
• Dedicated to specific tasks (e.g., garden-watering controller).
• Minimal user control; often no OS.
• Far more numerous but less visible.
Core Components of a Computer
• Processor: Executes programs (the "computing" core).
• Memory: Stores programs + data during execution.
• I/O Devices: Exchange data with the outside world (keyboard, screen,
disk).
• Support Logic: Enables processor functionality.
Figure 2: Block Diagram of CPU, Memory + I/O
Processor Workflow
Definition:
The processor is an electronic device capable of manipulating data
(information) in a way specified by a sequence of instructions.

Basic Operations:
• Write data to memory and I/O.
• Read data from memory and I/O.
• Read instructions from memory.
• Internal data manipulation (via ALU).
Figure 3: Block structure of a processor
Figure 3: Block diagram representing the cyclic operation
of the processor
Architecture Types

• 1. Von Neumann (Princeton):


• Single memory for programs + data.
• Advantage: Flexible resource allocation.

• 2. Harvard:
• Separate memory for programs/data.
• Advantage: Faster speed (parallel access).
• Disadvantage: Complex design.
Figure 4: Von Neumann (Princeton) Architecture
Figure 5: Harvard Architecture
The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
• Function: Performs operations (addition, AND, XOR, shifts, etc.).
• Operands: From registers/memory.
• Result: Stored in registers/memory.
• Status Outputs: Zero, negative, overflow flags.
• Note: Some processors have dedicated units (e.g., multipliers).
Figure 6: ALU Functional Block
Summary
• Computers process/store data via hardware + software.
• Two categories: Desktop (flexible) vs. Embedded (dedicated).
• Von Neumann vs. Harvard architectures trade flexibility for speed.
• ALU enables core computations.
THANK YOU

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