DATA REPRESENTATION
BITMAP IMAGES/ REOLUTION
• Bitmap images are made up of pixels ( while stands for PICture ELement )
• A picture is the smallest identifiable area of an image
• Each pixels is a single colour and is given a binary value which represents
that colour eg. 11000000 might equal red
• A pixels colour can be changed by changing this value
• More pixels = more resolution
• Resolution is the concentration of pixels in a specific area
• This area is defined by the image width and the height in pixels 3264x2448
• 72ppi = screen resolution – measured in pixels per inch
• 300dpi = print quality resolution – measured in dots per inch
• More bits per pixel = more colour combinations
• 1 bit = 2 colours
• 2 bits = 4 colours
• 3 bits = 8 colours
• 4 bits = 16 colours
Bit depth is the same as colour depth
so whenever they mention one,
remember it’s the same thing.
Colours are normally written in
hexadecimal is because it takes up
less written space, not normal
storage but WRITTEN space
because its faster to write, for
example one of the colour codes
can be 3d7eb5
Colour values of individual pixels are expressed as
denary RGB values and in hexadecimal.
IMAGE METADATA
• Data is information without a context
• Metadata is data about other data
It is information other than image data that is stored with a file
This includes:
• Colour depth
• Resolution
• Data created
• Author
Other picture formats: png, tiff, gif
W H Y F I L E S I Z E S D O N ’ T A LWAY S A D D U P ?
• Theres a difference because
sometime the computer
divide by 1000 btyes which
is a kilo byte but the true
measurement which is the
most accurate is a kibi byte
which = 1024 bytes
• Kibi bytes is the true
measurement while mega
bytes and kilo bytes are an
approximation
• So if you divide your answer
to kibi bytes by dividing by
1024 but then divide by
1024 again which makes it a
mibi byte. The order going
small is kibi byte
mibi/mebi byte gibi byte
tibi byte etc etc
• eg,. Convert 16 000 000 bits into megabytes (MB)
• So what u do is 16000000 / 8 = 2 000 000
• Then 2 000 000 bytes / 1000 = 2000
• 2000KB / 1000 = 2MB
A bit map graphic is made up of individual pixels
Each pixel is represented in binary
The number of bits per pixel determines the number of available colours for
an image.
Image metadata about the image such as the author, file size eg.
The greater the resolution of the image, the greater the file size
Colour depth is the number of bits per pixel eg.2bits colour depth gives 4bits
per pixel
File size can be calculated by: WxHxD to give number of bits. Divide by 8 8 to
give the number of bytes. Divide by 1000 to get the number of KB etc
DO NOW SOUND 26/09/24
• 10p x 10p image contains 5 different
colours Sound:
• Calculate the minimum file size, in bits Digital signals can send better signals than analogue, digital signals are
when the image is represented as a known as clean signals because you know where your highs and lows
bitmap are
• So 10 x 10 is 100 (resolution) and 100 x Pirate radios are when the radios are illegally run without permissions
3 because 5 colours comes under 3 bits from government etc.
Interference is when there are different frequencies playing at one / one
So the file size is 300 bits
is playing and halfway through some other radio channel will be heard
When the
• The image shows a 10 x 8 frequency is
bitmap image that use 3 interfered
colours, what is the file size
( btw, white is also a colour ) –
give your answer is bytes
• 80 x 2 = 160 ( resolution x
colour depth)
• 160/ 8 = 20 so 20 bytes ( /8
because the answer is in bytes)
SOUND
• Analogue sounds are continuous, more natural
• Digital signals are discrete
• Sound is digitalised by repeatedly measuring and recording the
sound wave
Digital sound will sample the sound wave at certain points.
These are represented by the bars. ( more bars = more
accuracy = more high quality) After sampling we are left
with a digital version of sound.
By doubling the sample rate we can represent the original
sound wave much more closely, increasing the sample rate
will increase
44,100 Hz is the
the quality
norm forofCD
thequality,
sound file
the more thiner
your bars are/ the more you have of them means you
have a high sample rate
Higher sampling rate:
Adv = more accuracy, reflects true sound wave
Disadv.= more data, bigger file
DIGITIZED SOUND QUALITY LOSSY COMPRESSIONS-MP3
• Each sample for a digital file takes up
Lossy compressions removes the sound in the
space. The more sample you have the
frequency ranges that we cant so easily hear
higher the file size.
or that least affect the perceived playback
• Sample rate is sometimes referred to quality.
Bitrate. The difference between file size and Lossy compressions leaves out some data –
quality is closely related, for example when this can affect the sound quality
sound on the internet can be a little poor -
this is used to help reduce the amount of
time it will take to download.
LOSSLESS COMPRESSION FILE SIZE
The sampling rate and the resolution allow us
Lossless compression leaves out repeated to determine the size of the file required to
data and instead makes a note of how many create a digital copy of the sound wave.
times it is repeated • sampling rate indicates number of samples
E.g. 10 x 5 takes less storage than per second, hertz
5+5+5+5+5+5+5+5+5+5=50 • resolution is the number of bits used per
sample
These are better at compressing files and File size= sample rate x resolution x length in
saving more storage than losing them ( ie seconds
lossy compressions)
CALCUL ATING AUDIO FILE SIZE
• A 30 sec audio track is recorded
• The sample rate is set at 44,000 hertz
• The resolution is selected as a 16 bit screen
• The file size = 44000 x 16 x 30 = 21,120,000
• 21,120,000 / 8 = 2,640,000 bytes / 1,000,000 =
2.64MB
S OU N D - M P 3
An mp3 file compresses the file to about a twelfth its original size
• The sound is split into 12 frequency bands
• Once the data for all the bands has been recorded, the quietest and non
recognisable ones are eliminated
• The human brain cant pick up these sounds
• The frequency bands are all merged together and written to a much smaller file
COMPRESSIONS
• When data is transmitted across the internet it will go through many physical
links between routes
• The connection from a computer to a LAN or the internet is probably the
slowest part
• If you have slow internet connection it, may take a while to load webpages
• One way of speeding up the rate at which flies can be transmitted is to
compress them to make them smaller.
• Smaller files take les time to transmit over a network
• Why is compression used?
• Allow large files to be transmitted as an email attachment; many email servers limit the
size of a file that can be sent and compression can reduce the file to allow users to
send it
This is not very useful for
detailed images because
there will be way too many
colours which means there's
not many runs of data
therefore it may just take up
more storage and increase
the file size.
The lines for the run length of these
lines are
• 211021
• 113011
• 50
REPRESENTING VIDEO
VIDEO COMPRESSION
• A moving image is a series of stills • File sizes are huge
• A minimum of 20 frames per second is
• A 5min video requires 2GB storage
• To make the data manageable, data
needed to avoid flickering
compression must be used to make the
• Very large amount of data to be stored film useable
• Computers handle video and animations • MPEG (moving picture experts group) is
used. It is similar to jpeg for each frame
• The main difference between these is videos but further compresses by only recording
images are captured using a camera changes from one frame to another
HUFFMAN CODE
