CHAPTER 1 :
Information Representation
·
1 2
.
: Multimedia
Main
Topics :
·
Images
-
Bitmap
-
vector
· sound
·
File Compression
IMAGES :
>Pixel
·
Bitmap :
-
made up of
·
Bitmap imager are
pixels .
· A pixel is the smallest element of the screen .
·
Millions of
pixels combined together make up an
image .
·
Data of a
bitmap image is encoded through bit
patterns
.
· A Bitmap image contains a File Header .
·
A file header consist of the bitmap file which includes
the image size ,
number of colors etc .
·
Bit Depth : Number of bits used to
represent a
pixel .
The the bit depth
greater , greater the
quality of
the
image .
W
L >-
screen
W a
>x
-
↓
h h
Image
Screen Resolution :
refers to the number of horizontal and
vertical pixels that make up a screens
display .
Resolution refers the number of pixels that
Image :
to
make up an
image .
· Lower the resolution ,
file size would be less
, image
will reduced
quality be ·
If
image greater than screen resolution
resolution is
·
pixels of the image will be cropped or deleted which
can cause the
image to become pixelated .
How to calculate bit-map file size
In
1920 x 1080
Img
·
< ·
z
W
1080
pixels
per
column >
1920 pixels per row
1080
No
pixels 1920 x Bit depth 4
=
.
of =
=
2
,
073 , 600 pixels
No . of bits : No of.
pixels x Bit depth
= 2073600x4
=
8 , 294 , 400 bits
Image size :
Ibyte: Sbits
=8294400 036 , 800
=
1 , bytes ~
v
8
Actral
Ikilobyte =
1000
bytes In
1024
I
megabyte
=
1000 kilobytes 1 kB =
bytes
I
gigabyte =
1000
megabytes
I
terabyte
=
1000 gigabytes
In MB =
1036800 1036 800 .
1000
.S
10
=
1036 8kB
0368 MB
.
1 .
1000
=
1.0368 MB
he
Bytes =
1500x3000x8=36000000
bytes
36000444 =
36000kB =
36 MB
1444 1000
36
VECTOR GRAPHICS
Images that use 2D points to describe lines and
curves and their properties .
·
Lines and curves are
grouped to form geometric shapes .
A vector
graphic has a
drawing List
· .
Drawing List :
set of commands defining a vector
image .
· An vector image has
properties which determine the
and appearence
shape .
·
If shape is resized , properties are recalculated .
Bitmap and Vector
Diff .
blw Images :
VECTOR BITMAP
·
made up of geometric made
up of pixels of different
shapes . colors .
They do require Since
they use
pixels file size
·
not a ,
size since it is is
large very large
.
made up of simple shapes .
graphics built up pixel
vector are
Images are
by
· ·
not realistic pixel so realistic
very very
.
.
Sound :
·
Sound is
analogue in nature .
data to
·
A
computer converts this analogue digital
data using an ADC (Analogue to Digital Converter)
-
sound wave amplitude amplitude
sampled at set time intervals
A
·
-
these samples are encoded
as
binary sequence -
-
This
sequence provides digital representation
of sound .
Sampling Rate :
No .
of
samples per unit time
taken .
increases sound
Increasing sampling rate
quality
but
·
,
increases file size .
Resolution encode each
Sampling Number bits used
:
of to
sample .
Increasing sampling resolution increases of
accuracy
·
sound wove but increases file size .
Bit rate :
No . of bits used for storing I second of sound .
Rate
Bit rate :
Sampling x
Sampling Resolution .
File size :
Bit rate x
Length of Sound
1 3 .
Compression
Compression is the process of reducing file size without
·
a
significant loss in quality
Benefits :
-Reduces time to transmit and recieve data .
-
Reduces the amount of
storage needed to
store files .
there compression
two
types
:
are of
·
Lossless compression Lossy compression
- .
Lossless Compression :
This is the
type of compression that allows original
·
data (before compression) be
perfectly reconstructed to
from compressed file .
·
This is important for files where loss data world
of
any
be disastrous .
Lossy Compression :
This is the of
·
type compression which
irreversibly
eliminates
unnecessary data
-
and this is lower than lossless but
·
Accuracy quality of
file size is lower than lossless .
Applications of Compression :
·
MP3 : ·
This is a
type of audio compression .
MP3 reduces file size almost 90 %
by
·
·
MP3 uses perceptual music shaping .
Perceptual outside human
Music Shaping :
Frequencies of
hearingrange are eliminated
.
·
If two sounds are being played at the same times only
the lorder be heard the the softer
one can
by ear , so
sound is eliminated .
·
MP3 is a
lossy compression technique .
·
MP4 :
Same as MP3 , but can store audio and video files .
·
RUN-LENGTH ENCODING :
This is form lossless
a of
compression
· .
·
It can be used to
compress text and bitmap files .
Reduces file size of elements which has
sequence
·
a of
adjacent ,
identical values ·
Repeating sequences of elements are encoded in two
values :
1) run count 2) run value
Example :
·
we have a text
string "accabibbccdddd"
·
After RLE :
Sa ub 2 4d
w =
1 , B =
0
........
........
........
9 W
C I
run count run value
·
0
-
·
RLE is beneficial where there are adjacent repecting
values ·
