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Introduction To Computer Systems CCC402

The document provides an introduction to computer systems, detailing the components of hardware, software, and data, and how they interact. It explains data representation, the program translation pipeline, and the importance of understanding the Von Neumann architecture and CPU components. Additionally, it highlights real-world applications and emphasizes the significance of mastering these concepts for improved coding skills.

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aneeza zaka
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190 views16 pages

Introduction To Computer Systems CCC402

The document provides an introduction to computer systems, detailing the components of hardware, software, and data, and how they interact. It explains data representation, the program translation pipeline, and the importance of understanding the Von Neumann architecture and CPU components. Additionally, it highlights real-world applications and emphasizes the significance of mastering these concepts for improved coding skills.

Uploaded by

aneeza zaka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Computer

Systems
Computer Organization & Assembly
Language (CCC-402)
Instructor: Aneeza Zaka
Defining a Computer System
• A computer system combines hardware,
software, and data.
• - Hardware: CPU, memory, I/O
• - Software: OS and apps
• - Data: Raw facts turned into information

• Understanding all parts helps trace how


instructions turn into actions.
Bits + Context = Information
• All data is bits (0 or 1). Context gives bits
meaning.
• Example: 01000001 can be:
• - Decimal 65
• - Character 'A' in ASCII
• Bits are just raw data until interpreted
correctly.
Data Representations
• - Numbers: Binary, Hex, Two’s Complement
• - Text: ASCII, Unicode
• - Images: Bitmaps, JPEG
• - Audio: Digital samples

• Example: ASCII code 65 = 'A'


Program Translation Pipeline
• 1. High-level source code (e.g. C)
• 2. Compiler → Assembly code
• 3. Assembler → Object code
• 4. Linker → Executable
• 5. Loader → Memory execution
Compiler Stages
• - Preprocessing: Handles macros, includes
• - Compilation: Converts to intermediate code
• - Optimization: Improves performance
• - Code Generation: Assembly output
From Assembly to Execution
• Assembler → Object code
• Linker → Merges modules
• Loader → Loads program into memory

• Example: Linking printf requires libc


Why Understand the Pipeline?
• - Debugging: Know what causes memory
errors
• - Performance: Write better, faster code
• - Systems programming: OS, Embedded,
Security
Von Neumann Architecture
• - Shared memory for data & instructions
• - CPU: CU, ALU, Registers
• - Memory: RAM, Cache, Disk
• - Bus: Transfers data among units
CPU Components
• - ALU: Performs math & logic
• - Control Unit: Manages operations
• - Registers: Fast local storage
• - Clock: Synchronizes tasks
Memory Hierarchy
• Registers > Cache > RAM > Disk
• Fastest to slowest, smallest to largest

• Performance depends on choosing right level


Assembly Language Basics
• - Mnemonics: MOV, ADD, JMP
• - Platform-specific: x86, MIPS
• - Low-level control for precision
• Example: MOV EAX, 5
Levels of Code
• - High-level: Easy, portable (e.g. C)
• - Assembly: Hardware control
• - Machine Code: Binary instructions
Hello World: C vs Assembly
• C: printf("Hello, World!\n");
• Assembly (simplified):
• MOV msg, EDI
• CALL printf

• Shows translation from high-level to low-level


Real World Applications
• - Embedded Systems
• - OS Development
• - Cybersecurity
• - Game Performance Optimization
Conclusion & References
• Understanding systems builds better coders.
• Key Texts:
• 1. M. Mano – CSA
• 2. Bryant – CS:APP
• 3. Britton – MIPS
• 4. Intel Assembly Programming

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