T H E FO U R
BS Y S T E M S O F T H E
SU
EARTH
GEOSPHERE
OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCE THE FOUR SUBSYSTEMS OF THE
EARTH
DISCUSS AND DESCRIBE THE GEOSPHERE
ENUMERATE AND DESCRIBE THE LAYERS OF
GEOSPHERE
DESCRIBE THE SOIL PART OF THE GEOSPHERE
GEOSPHERE
SOLID PORTION OF THE
EARTH
INCLUDES:
-LANDFORMS
-LANDMASSES
-PLATES
-ROCKS AND MINERALS
-LAYERS
LANDFORMS
MOUNTAINS
VOLCANOES
ISLANDS AND ARCHIPELAGOS
CANYONS
PENINSULA
HILLS
PLATEAUS
VALLEYS
PLAINS
LANDMASSES
EARTH IS COMPOSED OF SEVERAL
LANDMASSES CALLED CONTINENTS
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY BY
ALFRED WEGENER
-SUPER CONTINENT PANGAEA,
SURROUNDED BY AN OCEAN CALLED
PANTHALASSA
-TWO SUPERCONTINENTS:
LAURASIA AND GONDWANALAND
PRESENT-DAY
CONTINENTS:
ASIA
AUSTRALIA
AFRICA
NORTH AMERICA
SOUTH AMERICA
EUROPE
ANTARCTICA
PLATES
EARTH’S SURFACE IS
COMPOSED OF PLATES
PLATES MOVE DUE TO
PLATE TECTONICS
PLATES INTERACT WITH
EACH OTHER
PLATES
MAJOR PLATES:
NORTH AMERICAN
SOUTH AMERICAN
EUROASIAN
AFRICAN
ATARCTICA
PACIFIC
PLATES
MINOR PLATES:
PHILIPPINE SEA
PLATE
NAZCA PLATE
COLLISIO
SLIP N
SPREADI SUBDUCTIO
NG N
ROCKS AND MINERALS
ROCKS ARE SOLID AGGREGATES
OF MINERALS
TYPES OF ROCKS
-IGNEOUS
-SEDIMENTARY
-METAMORPHIC
ROCKS AND MINERALS
MINERALS ARE NATURALLY
OCCURRING SUBSTANCES
FORMED IN THE EARTH.
EXAMPLES: GOLD, QUARTZ
AND DIAMOND
LAYERS
LAYERS OF THE EARTH
CRUST
MANTLE
CORE
SOIL
TOPMOST LAYER OF THE CRUST
HAS ORGANIC MATTER, LIVING
ORGANISMS, ROCKS AND MINERALS
IMPORTANT MEDIUM FOR LIFE
EXISTENCE, BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
AND NATURAL PHENOMENA.
F OU R
S U BS Y S T E M S O F
EARTH
ATMOSHPHERE
OBJECTIVES:
• Describe and discuss the atmosphere as one of the four
subsystems of the earth.
• Describe the composition of the atmosphere
• Enumerate and describe the layers of the atmosphere
• Cite importance of the atmosphere
ATMOSPHERE
• Blanket of gases that cover
the earth
• Atmos which means “gas”
and Sphaira which means
“globe or ball”
ATMOSPHERE :COMPOSITION
• Composed of:
Nitrogen (78%)
Oxygen (21%)
Argon (0.9%)
Other gases (0.1)
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
• Troposphere
• Stratosphere
• Mesosphere
• Thermosphere
• Exosphere
TROPOSHERE
•First layer
•75% of the earth’s
atmosphere
•Where weather
happens
TROPOSHERE
•The top of troposphere is
the tropopause
•Temperature: 15 degree
Celsius to 57 degree
Celsius.
•Where all clouds form
STRATOSPHERE
•Located above the
tropopause
•10-50km from the earth’s
surface
•Top part is called
Stratopause
STRATOSPHERE
•Contains the ozone layer
•No turbulence
•Temperature: -57 degree
Celsius to -5 degree
Celsius
MESOSPHERE
•Located above the
stratopause
•Around 50-80km from the
earth’s surface
•Cold and thick
MESOSPHERE
•Burns meteors and other
objects entering the
Earth’s atmosphere.
•Temperature decreases
in the mesosphere with
altitude.
THERMOSPHERE
• Located above the
mesopause
• Around 80km from the
Earth’s surface
• High energy X-rays and UV
radiation from the sun.
THERMOSPHERE
• Gases are arranged
horizontally based on mass
• Temperature: 1,727 degree
Celsius
EXOSPHERE
• Uppermost layer
• Satellites and International Space
Station are found in this layer.
• Considered outer space
• Atmosphere is extremely thin with
gases like hydrogen and helium
IMPORTANCE OF THE
ATMOSPHERE
• Blocks solar winds through magnetosphere
• Protects the earth from falling meteoroids and other bodies
• Blocks the harmful UV Radiation of the Sun
• Traps heat to maintain global temperature
• Weather and climate conditions happen due to the atmosphere
• Temperature, precipitation, humidity or wind velocity
• Wind patterns or movements
H YD RO S PH E R E
OBJECTIVES:
• Discuss and describe the hydrosphere
• Describe each composition of hydrosphere
• Describe different forms of water
• Enumerate and describe different sources of water
• Cite importance of water
HYDROSPHERE
•Liquid part of the earth
•Comprises ¾ of the earth’s surface
•Mainly composed of water
COMPOSITION OF WATER
• Composed of 2 hydrogen atoms and an
oxygen atom
• Odorless, colorless and tasteless
• Water molecules are linked together
through hydrogen bond
FORMS OF WATER
•Liquid water
•Water vapor
•Ice
TYPES OF WATER
1. Saltwater (97%)
• High salinity
• Found in oceans and seas
2. Freshwater (3%)
• Safe for human consumption
• Found in polar regions (69%) and in
aquifer, other bodies of freshwater
(21%)
SOURCES OF WATER
• BODIES OF WATER:
• Oceans
• Seas
• Gulfs
• Bays
• Straits
SOURCES OF WATER
BODIES OF WATER IN
LANDFORMS
• River
• Streams
• Waterfalls
• Lakes
SOURCES OF WATER
GROUNDWATER
•Main source of freshwater
•Stored in aquifer-
underground layer of
freshwater
IMPORTANCE OF
HYDROSPHERE
IMPORTANCE OF
HYDROSPHERE
BIO S P H E R E
OBJECTIVES
• Discuss and describe the biosphere.
• Describe each composition of the biosphere.
• Enumerate the different levels of biological organization.
• Describe three domains of organism.
• Cite importance of the biosphere.
BIOSPHERE
• Subsystem of the earth where
life exists
• Where organisms live and
interact with its environment or
various components of other
subsystems
• Totality of biodiversity
LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION
• Population- group of
organisms of the same
species.
• Community- group of
different populations.
LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION
• Ecosystem-group of
different communities
interacting with the
environment
• Biosphere-combination of all
ecosystems
THREE DOMAINS OF
ORGANISMS
•ARCHAEA
•BACTERIA
•EUKARYA
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
• Unicellular
• Prokaryotic
• Can live in extreme environments
• Methanogens
• Halophiles
• Thermophiles
DOMAIN BACTERIA
• Microscopic
• Prokaryotic
• Can live everywhere
• Pathogenic, decomposers
or photosynthetic
DOMAIN EUKARYA
• Most diverse domain
• Includes all eukaryotes
• Four type
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
BIOMES
• Biological communities with distinct
climate, geographical location, biodiversity
and physical characteristics
• Two Types:
Terrestrial
Aquatic
TERRESTRIAL BIOMES
TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
Warm all year
Many animals and huge number of
trees
DESERT
• Dry environment
• Low species diversity and precipitation
• Hottest biomes but can also cold
temperature in winter
• Plants and animals must be able to
withstand long periods without water
CHAPARRAL
• Composed of shrubs and bushes
• Located in temperate regions
• Hot-dry summer and mild and rainy winters
• Soils in chaparral are dry and rocky
GRASSLAND
• Plains or prairie
• Short to tall grasses with no trees
• Gets enough rain
TUNDRA
• Located in temperate and polar
regions
• Flat and cold with low plants.
• Grass and moss only grow during
the short time of summer
• Permafrost
SAVANNAS
• Grassland with scattered trees.
• Enough seasonal rainfall
• Dominated by flock or herds of
animals
TAIGA
•Made up of conical-shaped
evergreen trees
•Has long cold winters
CONIFEROUS FOREST
• Have cold, long snowy winters
• Warm humid summer
• 4-6 frost-free months
• Consists mostly of conifers
TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS
FOREST
• Located in the mild-latitude areas
• Hot summers and cold winters
• Four seasons
• Different kind of trees, shrubs and
herbs
MANGROVE FOREST
•Most abundant aquatic biomes
•Composed of mangrove trees
AQUATIC BIOMES
FRESHWATER
Low concentration of salt
Most ponds, streams, lakes and rivers
AQUATIC BIOMES
MARINE
Largest biome
5 major oceans
Has high level of salt
CORAL REEFS
• Rich in diversity
• Organisms are the corals which are
cnidarians that sustain aquatic
communities
ESTUARIES
• Rivers and streams merge
with the saltwater from seas
or ocean to form another
type called brackish water.
• High in nutrients
INTERTIDAL ZONES
• Areas along the coast
• Changing environmental
conditions due to effects of
tidal activities
IMPORTANCE OF BIOSPHERE
