Dr.

Shahzad Asad
PSO,CDRI, NARC, Islamabad
 susceptibl
e

virulent conducive
Scab may
occur on
leaves, fruit,
leaf and fruit
stems, and
green twigs.
Infections of
the leaves and
fruit are most
 Infections appear as
roughly circular, brown
to dark olive-green
spots (lesions), which
often seem slightly
fuzzy or velvety in
infections occasionally are
texture.
so numerous that the
entire surface of the leaf
appears covered with
scab, a condition
commonly referred to as
sheet scab.
young fruit initially
resemble those on
leaves but turn dark
brown to black and
become corky or
scablike with time.
• Avoid planting highly susceptible varieties. .
Remove fallen leaves to reduce the overwintering
fungus. Prune for good air circulation and light
penetration. Control of primary infections has
traditionally begun at or shortly after green tip.
• apply a recommended fungicide at bud break in
the spring and repeat at the pink-bud stage; one
week after petal fall and then two weeks later.
• Use a fruit tree spray containing captan, sulphur
or lime sulphur.
• PATHOGEN: Monilinia fructicola, M. laxa,
and M. fructigena
• HOSTS: Stone fruits (peach, nectarine, cherry,
plum), almond, and occasionally some pome
fruits (apple and pear)
• The brown rot fungi cause a blight of blossoms and
twigs and a soft decay of fruits of peaches, cherries,
and plums. Thus, there are two distinct phases of this
disease.
• Blossom and twig blight
• Fruit rot
• Fruit susceptibility to brown rot increases during the 2 to 3
week period prior to harvest. Increased susceptibility is
associated with an increase in sugar content as the fruits
ripen.
• Tan-brown, circular spots are visible on the fruit. Under
humid conditions, ash-gray-brown masses of conidia
develop on these lesions.
• If environmental conditions are wet and warm during fruit
ripening, the entire crop can literally be destroyed
“overnight”.
• Diseased fruit that do not fall to the ground dehydrate and
become shriveled “mummies” that cling to the branch.
Sometimes the fungal infection extends from the fruit into the
twig and branch.
• Orchard location is important. Trees planted in orchards having
poor air movement, and thus slow drying conditions, are more
likely to have blossom blight and brown rot.
• Sanitation practices
The removal of diseased fruit mummies and blighted twigs from
the trees and removal of fruit and mummies from the orchard
floor can substantially reduce overwintering inoculum.
• Post-harvest control
Practices used during harvest can significantly impact the amount
of fruit decay following harvest. Picking and handling fruit
carefully to avoid injuries, cooling fruit promptly after harvest by
hydrocooling or forced air cooling, using clean containers to hold
the fruit, and timely harvesting
• Fungicides
Blossom blight occurrence is very much dictated by the weather
conditions. In areas where blossom infection occurs, 1 to 3
fungicide sprays beginning just as the blossoms open control
blossom blight.
The first symptom to
appear, shortly after
bloom, is that of blossom
blight. In the early stages
of infection, blossoms
appear watersoaked and
gray-green but quickly turn
brown or black; generally,
the entire cluster becomes
blighted and killed
The most obvious symptom
of the disease is the shoot
blight phase, which first
appears one to several
weeks after petal fall. The
leaves and stem on young,
succulent shoot tips turn
brown or black and bend
over into a characteristic
shape similar to the top of a
shepherd's crook or candy
cane
Fruit may appear small,
dark, and shriveled if
infected when young, or
show expanding red,
brown, or black lesions
when infected later.
Infected fruit often exude
droplets of sticky bacterial
ooze, particularly when the
weather is warm and
humid
• Reduce nitrogen fertilizer applications and soil
moisture to limit susceptible new growth. Avoid
running sprinklers that wet the blossom of
susceptible trees during warm weather. During
the dormant season, remove overwintering
cankers by making cuts 15-30 cm below the
canker margin. If planting apple, select varieties
that are less susceptible to fire blight. There are
no chemical sprays that can cure fire blight once a
tree is infected. Preventative sprays with copper
are sometimes used during the blossom period in
pear, but may cause injury (russeting) to the fruit.
Sooty blotch appears as dark
olive green or sooty-colored
fungus colonies on the surface of
infected fruit. One to many nearly
circular colonies may develop
individually
large, unshaped colonies
may spread out over the
fruit
Symptoms of flyspeck are well-described by the
disease name. Small, circular colonies of up to 50 or
more tiny black dots (fungus fruiting bodies) form
on the fruit surface
• Both diseases are so dependent on long periods of
extreme humidity around the fruit, annual pruning to
open tree canopies and promote air circulation will
minimize the periods favorable for their development.
Supplemental summer pruning in dense-canopied trees
can provide significant additional benfits in some years.
Proper fruit thinning is also important for reducing the
development of high-humidity microclimates around
clustered fruit; like good pruning, thinning will
furthermore improve the spray coverage for any
fungicides that may be applied.
• Chemical control. Killing spores in dump tanks, on bins,
or in flume water with chlorine (100 ppm) or sodium O-
phenylphenate (SOPP) (0.3 to 0.5%) has been effective
in reducing the spore load and the resulting amount of
Leaf curl infection of peach and
nectarine occurs in late winter or
very early spring, as soon as
buds begin to swell. In spring,
infected buds produce leaves
with a reddish tinge, a thick,
crisp texture and curled growth
A white dusting of the fungus forms on
the leaf surface and the leaves may drop
early. In wet, cooler seasons, secondary
leaves may also become infected.
fruit become corky and tend to crack. If
leaf curl infection builds up and is left
uncontrolled for several years, the tree
may decline and need to be removed.
• Prune off and dispose of dead twigs or branches. Apply a
protective spray of lime sulphur before the buds break in
the spring. Complete coverage is essential for effective
control. Control measures are of no value after the
disease becomes evident. Application of copper sulphate
after harvest in September will give adequate control of
leaf curl in most years in the Interior. However, in wet
years or in wet climate areas, the late winter dormant
spray.
• The synthetic fungicide chlorothalonil currently is the only
other noncopper fungicide available for managing peach
leaf curl on backyard trees. Lime sulfur (calcium
polysulfide) products no longer are registered for
backyard use.
Coryneum blight, also called shothole, is a
fungal disease of stone fruit trees including
peach, nectarine, apricot, cherry and almond.

It is caused by the fungus Wilsonomyces

carpophilus (=Coryneum beijerinckii).

It is most common on apricot, peach, and

nectarine.
1) Cultural practices
Plant vigor
Irrigation
Remove or prune infected plants
2) Chemical control
Use of fungicides at different intervals. Bordeaux
Mixture, Ziram or Chlorothalonil
• Brown apical
necrosis (BAN) is a
disease that causes
walnut fruit drop
and reduces the
yield of walnut in
commercial
orchards
• Management of this disease depends on the application of protective
sprays to buds, flowers, and developing nuts.
• In orchards with histories of walnut blight damage, protective
treatments at 7- to 10-day intervals during prolonged wet springs are
necessary for adequate disease control. In areas or years with less
intensive rainfall, spray intervals can be stretched, and weather
forecasts can help with spray timing.
• BORDEAUX MIXTURE
• Removal of mummified nuts from trees
reduces the inoculum.
• Application of Phosphorous, calcium and
Potash improve the soil texture and
reduces the damage to tree.
THANKS TO
ALL