Oscillation and Waves
What happens to the water
when you drop a pebble into a
pond?
Oscillation
Oscillation is any repetitive
back-and-forth motion
around an equilibrium
position
Types of Oscillation
· Free oscillation: Natural oscillation without external force.
· Damped oscillation: Amplitude decreases due to resistive forces.
· Forced oscillation: External force applied regularly.
· Resonance: Large amplitude when external force frequency matches the system’s
natural frequency.
Pendulums
A simple pendulum consists of a mass
mmm suspended by a string of length
LLL. The restoring torque is proportional
to the angular displacement θ.
and
This is true for small angular displacements, q <1.
Pendulu
A physical pendulum with center of massms
C at
distance h from pivot point O , then for small
angular amplitudes, the motion is simple
harmonic.
(I is the rotational inertia of
the pendulum about O)
Damped
Fd is proportional to the 1st power of the
velocity v.
Oscillations
The solution
is:
Damped
Forced Oscillations and
Resonance
Oscillations
The steady
state
Simple Harmonic Motion
If the oscillating quantity is Energy in SHM
the position, it is called simple :
harmonic motion (SHM).
Simple Harmonic
If the oscillating Motion
quantity is the
position, it is called
simple harmonic
motion (SHM).
Simple Harmonic Motion
The total mechanical The torque associated with an angular displacement
energy of the system: of q is given by:
Angular simple harmonic motion is the rotational
oscillation of a torsion pendulum in a horizontal plane.
What is a Wave?
A disturbance or back and
forth motion that travels
through something like
water or air, carrying
energy without transporting
objects
Parts of a Wave
Crest
Wavelength
Amplitude
Rest
Position
Trough
Amplitude
The height or size of a
wave
Wavelength
The distance from one
wave to another
Types of
Waves
Transverse waves move up
and down or side to side
Longitudinal waves
move back and forth
Standing
Waves
Two sinusoidal waves with the same amplitude and wavelength, traveling in
opposite directions, interfere to form a standing wave.
Standing Waves
The amplitude zero when kx =np, for n =0,1,2, . . . .
Since k =2p/l, we get x = n l/2, for n =0,1,2, . . .
(nodes),
as the positions of zero amplitude or the nodes.
The amplitude has a maximum value of 2ym when
kx = 1/2p, 3/2p, 5/2p, . . .=(n+1/2) p, for n
=0,1,2, . . . .
Standing Waves and
Resonance
At resonant frequencies,
interfering waves form
standing waves with clear
nodes and antinodes. The
string resonates at these
frequencies, called resonant
frequencies.
Standing Waves and
Resonance
The oscillation frequencies
are labeled f1,f2 ,…; all form
the harmonic series, with n
being the harmonic number.
Light
Wave The distance of one
wavelength is
measured in
nanometers (nm). The
period is measured in
seconds (s).
In waves, like sound or light waves, the period is the time it
takes for one complete up-and-down motion of the wave.
Wave
Variables
Amplitude : Maximum displacement of a wave element from equilibrium.
Phase: Given by kx−ωt changes with time and position.
Wavelength λ: Distance between repeating wave shapes
Period T: Time for one complete oscillation
Frequency f: Number of oscillations per second
Phase constant ϕ: Adjusts the initial displacement and phase in the wave function
The Speed of a Traveling
Wave
The Wave Equation
Energy and Power of a Wave Traveling along
a String
Wave Speed on a Stretched
The wave speed on an ideal stretched string depends only on the tension T and
String
the linear mass density μ of the string — not on the frequency.
• A small string segment Δl in the wave pulse is an arc of a circle with radius R
and subtending angle 2θ.Tension T pulls tangentially at both ends. Horizontal
components cancel, vertical components add, producing a radial restoring force.
For small angles, trigonometric approximations
Add a little bit of body
· If μ is linear mass density and Δm is thetext
mass of the element, it
experiences radial (vertical) acceleration
· The element has an
acceleration:
·
Therefore:
The Superposition of
Waves
· Overlapping waves add algebraically
to form a resultant wave.
· They do not alter each other’s
propagation.
· They interfere, but do not interact
physically
Interference of
Two sinusoidal waves with the same amplitude and wavelength traveling in the
Waves
same direction will interfere to produce a new sinusoidal wave traveling in that
same direction
Speed of Sound
The wave speed on a string
is
The bulk modulus B is defined
to be the elastic factor for a
gas:
With the density r being the inertia factor,
the sound speed can be most likely
expressed as
Pressure Fluctuation in Sound
Waves
Interferen
ce
Phase difference f can be related to path length difference DL, by
noting that a phase difference of 2p rad corresponds to one
wavelength.
Therefore,
Interferen
ce
Fully constructive interference occurs when f is zero, 2p, or any integer
multiple
of 2p.
Fully destructive interference occurs when f is an odd multiple of p:
Wave
Number of complete Frequency High-frequency music
cycles or waves that has lots of quick
occur in a given amount changes in the sound
of time, measured in waves, and it feels
hertz (Hz). fast and energetic.
Low-frequency music has slower changes in the sound waves, and it feels
calm and soothing.
Sound Waves
Sound waves are
longitudinal waves of
density and pressure
fluctuations.
Intensity and Sound
Level
The intensity III of a sound wave at a surface is the average energy
transferred per unit area through or onto that surface.
The intensity I is related to the displacement amplitude sm of the sound
wave by
Intensity and Sound
The instantaneous power suppliedLevel
to the wave element in the following
figure is
(p is the pressure excess)
Intensity and Sound
Variation with Level
Distance:
The Decibel Scale: I0 is a standard reference intensity ( 10-12
W/m2)
For I =I0 , b =10 log 1 = 0,
(our standard reference level corresponds to
zero decibels
Sources of Musical
A. Pipe open
Sound
at
Sources of Musical
B. Pipe open at
Sound
one
Beat
Two sound waves with close frequencies produce beats, with the beat
s
frequency equal to the difference between the two frequencies.
Doppler
Here’s the English translation of your sentence:
Effect
When the detector or source moves toward each other, the frequency
increases; when they move apart, the frequency decreases. The observed
frequency depends on the speed of sound, the source speed, and the detector
speed.
Supersonic Speeds, Shock
Waves
Summa
. Introduction to Oscillations
• Definition: Repeated back-and-forthry
motion around an equilibrium
position.
2. •Types of Pendulums,
Example: Oscillations:
springs, and sound waves.
• Simple Harmonic
Motion
1.Characteristics: Restoring force proportional to
displacement.
2.Equation: F = •-kx, where k is the spring constant.
Damped
Oscillations
1.Definition: Oscillations that decrease in amplitude over time due
to energy loss.
2.Types: Light, heavy, and critical damping.
• Forced
Oscillations Oscillations driven by an external periodic force.
1.Definition:
2.Resonance: Occurs when the frequency of the external force
matches the natural frequency of the system.
3. Wave
• Definition: A disturbance that travels through space and matter,
transferring energy.
• Types of Waves:
1.Mechanical Waves: Require a medium (e.g., sound waves).
2.Electromagnetic Waves: Do not require a medium (e.g., light
• Wavewaves).
Characteristics:
1.Wavelength (λ): Distance between successive crests.
2.Frequency (f): Number of oscillations per unit time.
3.Amplitude: Maximum displacement from the equilibrium
position.
4. Wave Behavior
• Reflection: Bouncing back of waves when they hit a barrier.
• Refraction: Change in direction of waves as they pass from
one medium to another.
• Diffraction: Spreading of waves when they pass through an
opening or around obstacles.
5.Mathematical Representation
• Wave equation:
Where:
• A = amplitude
• k = wave number
• ω = angular
6. Applications of Waves and frequency
• Sound engineering,
Oscillations musical instruments, and • ϕ = phase constant
communication technologies.
• Understanding natural phenomena such as
earthquakes and ocean waves.
Resources
Resources
