POINT OF SUBJECTIVE Ms.
Rabia Jameel
EQUALITY
PROBLEM
Determination of point of subjective equality
as a function of arrow head angularity
INTRODUCTION
Psychophysics: It is a branch of psychology which
quantitatively investigate the relationship between physical
stimulus and sensation and perceptions attached with them.
Psychophysics is concerned with establishing a relationship
between stimuli and our psychological responses to such
stimuli whereas a stimulus is some occurrence in the
external environment and response is measurable change in
organisms.
INTRODUCTION
Point of subjective Equality: The value at which the
comparison stimulus on average is judged equal to the
standard is known as point of subjective equality.
It is largely used in the study of perceptual illusion
Finally, an individual’s judgment varies from one moment to
another due to a large number of factors such a sensitivity,
motivation or attention.
INTRODUCTION
Illusion: Illusion is a wrong or mistaken perception. It is
defined as an immediate apprehension of an object as we
like it and not as it is. The perceptual processes involves
interpretation of sensory experience in the light on of our
past experiences, present attitudes, Organic needs etc.
consequently, if the interpretation is done wrongly the
stimulus perceived will be wrong. Such a phenomenon is
called Illusion.
INTRODUCTION
Types of Illusion: there are several types of illusion. One of
them is:
Horizontal Vertical Illusion: In this the vertical illusion is
always drawn from the midpoint of the line in a right angle
position. Though the two lines are of equal length the
vertical line appears longer than the horizontal line by virtue
of its position. This is because the movement of eyes along
vertical line is more tired the movement on horizontal line.
INTRODUCTION
Horizontal Vertical Illusion (Cont.): The horizontal line looks
shorter than what it is. Another reason is that horizontal line is cut at
the intersection which makes it look shorter than vertical.
INTRODUCTION
Muller Lyer Illusion : Muller lyer Illusion is an optical illusion.
It was devised by a German Sociologist Franz Carl Muller Lyer
(1859-1916) in 1889. It is a geometric illusion in which two lines of
equal length appear unequal depending on whether the angular lines
forming arrow heads on each point toward or away from each other.
By looking at how we perceive these illusions we can learn how brain
& perception perceives work. In this presentation two lines of
identical lengths on what might be described as fins or wings attached
to either end of line.
INTRODUCTION
Muller Lyer Illusion : The fins on one line are oriented out while
on the other they are oriented inwards. The presence of these fins
makes the two lines appear to be of very different length. The lines on
which the fins are oriented outward looks larger than the other one
because of the orientation of the fins. This phenomenon is called as
Muller lyer Illusion.
INTRODUCTION
Causes of Illusion :
Similarity: if the two objects are similar in appearance
illusion occurs more easily than others e.g. it is natural to
mistakenly perceive a curled rope for a snake.
Expectancy: if you are waiting for a friend every individual
at a distance will be mistaken for your friend. So when we
are expecting some one or something we experience illusion.
INTRODUCTION
Causes of Illusion :
Subjective Factors: sometimes habits and familiarity cause
illusion.
HYPOTHESIS
Point of subjective equality is directly
proportional to arrow head angularity
METHODOLOGY
General experimental design: (same)
Apparatus and equipment: stimulus card, data recording sheet, stationary
Procedure: The experiment was conducted in a well illuminated lab. S was seated
comfortably. E took the Muller lyer card of different angles. The S will be given two
cards bearing an arrow head and the second with the feather like ending. The arrow
head card is constant while the second is movable. S will hold the constant card in
left hand and movable card will be pulled out maximally. First the E took the card of
30 degree and gave instructions to the subject that she had to tell her whether the
arrow head line was greater or smaller than original line. The experimenter had to
take at least 15 trials on 15 scales. The error will be measured.
METHODOLOGY
Procedure (Cont.): After the card of 30 degree the experimenter
took the card with 60 and applied the whole procedure with this
card and took 15 different trials on 15 different scales. After
applying the whole procedure with the experimenter took the card
of 90 and followed also the same procedure and took 15 trials on
15 different scales. After this the subject took the card of 120 and
applied the whole procedure with it and took 15 trials on 15
different scales. After taking all the trials with all angles the results
were noted in data recording sheet
RESULTS
The results of arrowhead angularity with different angles (30, 60, 90) were recorded
in the data recording sheet and is shown accordingly.
PSE = Right hand (ascending order + RH descending order)
40
DISCUSSION AND
CONCLUSION
Hypothesis that PSE is directly proportional to arrow head angularity is proved. As
the results show that with the increase of angle of arrowheads the point of subjective
equality also increases. As for the angle of 30 the PSE was 31.5 and for the angle of
120 the PSE is 41. so the hypothesis is proved. Group data also approved the
hypothesis. The point of PSE in group data for 30 was 33. 25 and for angle of 60, 90,
and 120 it was 34, 35, 37 respectively
REFERENCE
Postman, L., & Egan, J. P. (1967). Experimental
Psychology, An Introduction. New Delhi: Kalyan
Publishers
