1

CHAPTER FOUR
Internet of Things (IoT)
 2

Contents

Definition of the term IoT

History of IOT

Advantage and disadvantage of IoT

Explain how IoT works

Architecture of IoT

Application areas of IoT

Definition of IoT 3

 According to the internet architecture boards definition :

 “IOT is networking of smart objects, means a huge number of

devices intelligently communicating in the presence of internet

protocol that cannot be directly operated by human beings but exist as

components in building vehicles or the environment.”

 According to the internet engineering task force (IETF) organizations

definition :

 “IOT is the networking of smart objects in which smart objects have

some constraints such as limited bandwidth ,power, and processing

accessibility for achieving interoperability among smart objects.”

Definition of IoT… 4

 According to the IEEE communications category magazines definition:-

 “IOT is framework of all things that have a representation of the presence of

the internet in such a way that new applications and services enable the
interaction in the physical and virtual world in the form of machine to
machine (M2M)communication in the cloud.”
 According to the oxfords definition:

 “IOT is the interaction of everyday objects computing devices through the

internet that enables the sending and receiving of useful data.”

 The term Internet of Things (IoT) according to the 2020 conceptual

framework is expressed through a simple formula that is:

IoT= Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors
Definition of IoT… 5

 Generally, IoT is the network of physical objects or “things” embedded with

electronics, software and network connectivity , which enables these to collect

and exchange data.
 IoT is also a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and
digital machines, objects, people that are provided with unique identifiers and
the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human
or human-to-computer interaction
 IoT is a network of devices that can sense, accumulate and transfer data over

the internet without any human intervention.

 The Internet of Things consists of any device with an on/off switch

connected to the Internet.

 The IOT consists of a gigantic network of internet-connected “things” and devices.
Advantages of IoT 6

1. Improved Customer Engagement

 Current analytics suffer from blind-spots and significant flaws

inaccuracy; and as noted, engagement remains passive.

 IoT completely transforms this to achieve richer and more effective

engagement with audiences.

2. Technology Optimization
 The same technologies and data which improve the customer

experience also improve device use, and aid in more potent

improvements to technology.
 IoT unlocks a world of critical functional and field data.
Advantages of IoT 7

3. Reduced Waste
 IoT makes areas of improvement clear.

 IoT provides real-world information leading to the more effective

management of resources.
4. Enhanced Data Collection
 Modern data collection suffers from its limitations and its design for

passive use.
 IoT breaks it out of those spaces and places it exactly where humans

really want to go to analyze our world.

 It allows an accurate picture of everything.
Disadvantages of IoT 8

 As the number of connected devices increases and more information is

shared between devices, the potential that a hacker could steal

confidential information also increases.
 If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that every connected device

will become corrupted.

 Since there’s no international standard of compatibility for IoT, it’s

difficult for devices from different manufacturers to communicate with

each other.
 Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers maybe

even millions of IoT devices and collecting and managing the data
from all those devices will be challenging.
Challenges of IoT 9

 Security − IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices

communicating over networks.

 Privacy − The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme

detail without the user's active participation.

 Flexibility − Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to integrate

easily with another. They worry about finding themselves with several conflicting or
locking systems.
 Complexity − Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of design, deployment,

and maintenance given their use of multiple technologies and a large set of new
enabling technologies.
 Compliance − IoT, like any other technology in the realm of business, must comply

with regulations. Its complexity makes the issue of compliance seem incredibly
challenging when many consider standard software compliance a battle.
How IoT Works 10

https://medium.com/@sfjbstraining14/how-does-the-internet-of-things-work-what-is-iot-88af729d0865
How IoT Works 11

 An IoT system consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded

processors, sensors and communication hardware to collect, send and act on

data they acquire from their environments.
 IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT

gateway or another edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be
analyzed or analyzed locally. These devices communicate with other related
devices and act on the information they get from one another.
 Those devices do most of the work without human intervention, although

people can interact with the devices. The connectivity, networking and
communication protocols used with these web-enabled devices largely depend
on the specific IoT applications deployed.
Architecture of IoT 12

 In general, an IoT device can be explained as a network of things that

consists of hardware, software, network connectivity, and sensors.

 The architecture of IoT devices comprises four major components:

 Sensing

 Network

 Data processing

 Application layers
Architecture of IoT… 13

1. Sensing layer
 The main purpose of the sensing layer is to identify any phenomena in

the devices’ peripheral and to obtain data from the real world. This
layer consists of several sensors.
 Sensors in IoT devices are usually integrated through sensor hubs.

 A sensor hub is a common connection point for multiple sensors that

accumulate and forward sensor data to the processing unit of a device.

 Actuators can also intervene to change the physical conditions that

generate the data.

Example: an actuator can be a shut off a power supply, adjust an airflow

valve, or move a robotic gripper in an assembly process.
Architecture of IoT… 14

There are three kinds of sensors in IOT device :

A. Motion Sensors
 Devices that can measure the change in motion as well as the

orientation of the devices.

 There are two types of motions one can observe in a device: linear and

angular motions.
 The linear motion: refers to the linear displacement of an IoT device.

 The angular motion: refers to the rotational displacement of the

device.
Architecture of IoT… 15

B. Environmental Sensors
 Sensors such as Light sensors, Pressure sensor, temperature sensors,

humidity sensors are embedded in IoT devices to sense the change in

environmental parameters in the device’s peripheral.
 The primary purpose of using environmental sensors in IoT devices is

to help the devices to take autonomous decisions according to the

changes of a device’s peripheral.
For instance, environment sensors are used in many applications to
improve user experience, home automation systems, smart locks, smart
lights …
Architecture of IoT… 16

C. Position sensors
 Position sensors of IoT devices deal with the physical position and

location of the device.

 The most common position sensors used in IoT devices are magnetic

sensors and Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors.

A. Magnetic sensors are usually used as digital compass and help to fix
the orientation of the device display.
B. GPS is used for navigation purposes in IoT devices.
Architecture of IoT… 17

2. Network Layer
 The network layer acts as a communication channel to transfer data,

collected in the sensing layer, to other connected devices.

 In IoT devices, the network layer is implemented by using diverse

communication technologies to allow data flow between other devices

within the same network.
Examples: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, ZWAVE, LoRa, cellular network,
Architecture of IoT… 18

3. Data Processing Layer

 This layer consists of the main data processing unit of IoT devices.

 The data processing layer takes data collected in the sensing layer and

analyses the data to make decisions based on the result.

 In some IoT devices (e.g., smartwatch, smart home hub, etc.), the data

processing layer also saves the result of the previous analysis to

improve the user experience.
 This layer may share the result of data processing with other

connected devices via the network layer.

Architecture of IoT… 19

4. Application Layer
 The application layer implements and presents the results of the data

processing layer to accomplish disparate applications of IoT devices.

 The application layer is a user-centric layer that executes various tasks

for the users.

 There exist diverse IoT applications, which include smart
transportation, smart home, personal care, healthcare, etc.
IOT tools and platforms 20

 Zetta

 Arduino

 OpenRemote

 Node-RED

 Flutter

 M2MLabs Mainspring

 ThingsBoard

 Kinoma

 Kaa IoT Platform …

https://geekflare.com/iot-platform-tools/
Applications of IoT 21

 Agriculture

 Consumer Use

 Insurance

 Healthcare

 Manufacturing

 Retail

 Transportation

 Utilities

https://data-flair.training/blogs/iot-applications/
Applications of IoT: IoT Based Smart Home 22

 Smart Home allows users to remotely manage and monitor different

home devices from anywhere via smartphones or over the web with no
physical distance limitations.
 These “smart” devices have the potential to share information with each

other given the permanent availability to access the broadband internet

connection.
Components which are included in smart home development:

a. Remote Control Appliances: Switching on and off remotely appliances

to avoid accidents and save energy.

b. Weather: Displays outdoor weather conditions such as humidity,

temperature, pressure, wind speed and rain levels with the ability to
Applications of IoT 23

c. Smart Home Appliances: Refrigerators with LCD screen telling

what’s inside, food that’s about to expire, ingredients you need to buy
and with all the information available on a smartphone app and also
washing machine.
d. Safety Monitoring: cameras, and home alarm systems making people
feel safe in their daily life at home.
e. Intrusion Detection Systems: Detection of window and door
openings and violations to prevent intruders.
f. Energy and Water Use: Energy and water supply consumption
monitoring to obtain advice on how to save cost and resources, & many
more.
Applications of IoT: IoT Based Smart City 24

 The development of smart grids, data analytics, and autonomous

vehicles will provide an intelligent platform to deliver innovations in

 energy management,
 traffic management and security,

 Components which are included in smart home development:

A. Structural Health: Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions

in buildings, bridges and historical monuments.
B. Lightning: intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights.
Applications of IoT: IoT Based Smart City 25

C. Smart Parking: Real-time monitoring of parking spaces available in

the city making residents able to identify and reserve the closest
available spaces
D. Waste Management: Detection of rubbish levels in containers to
optimize the trash collection routes. Garbage cans and recycle bins with
RFID tags allow the sanitation staff to see when garbage has put out.
Applications of IoT: IoT Based Smart Farming 26

A. Green Houses
 Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the production of fruits

and vegetables and its quality.

B. Compost
 Control of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay, straw, etc.

to prevent fungus and other microbial contaminants.

C. Offspring Care
 Control of growing conditions of the offspring in animal farms to

ensure its survival and health.

Applications of IoT: IoT Based Smart Farming 27

D. Field Monitoring:
 Reducing spoilage and crop waste with better monitoring, accurate

ongoing data obtaining, and management of the agriculture fields,

including better control of fertilizing, electricity and watering.
E. Animal Farming/Tracking:
 Location and identification of animals grazing in open pastures or

location in big stables, Study of ventilation and air quality in farms and
detection of harmful gases from excrements.
 Ended!!
Thank you

Real world applications (@2022) of IOT are found at:

https://www.icertglobal.com/10-real-world-examples-of-iot-applications/detail
 Quiz (10%)
1. What is sensor hub? (2pts)
2. Explain the layers of architectures of IOT.
(5pts)
3. Write at least three environmental
sensors used in IOT deployment. (3pts)