GENERAL PIPING

SYSTEMS
ME 27 LECTURE 03
Prepared by: Matthew Jeffrey Roque
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 Discuss about terms and concepts related to
pipes.
 Analyze and design different parameters
pertaining to the
pipes.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Pipe
A tube where flows of liquids, gases, or
vapors pass through.

https://www.powerengineeringint.com/coal-fired/joined-up-thinking/
PIPE SYSTEM CLASSIFICATIONS
Based on Fluids being Carried:
 Steam
 Cold Water
 Hot Water
 Oil, etc.
PIPE SYSTEM CLASSIFICATIONS
Based on Servicing Conditions:
 High-Pressure Superheated  Hot and Cold-Water
or Saturated Steam Service Piping
 High-Pressure Drip Piping  Circulating Water Piping
 Low-Pressure Steam Piping  Oil Piping (Lubricating,
 Boiler Feedwater Piping Fuel, Insulating)
 Heater Piping  Instrument Piping
 Blow-off Piping  Compressed Air Piping
 Condensate Piping  Soot Blower Piping
 Drainage Piping, etc.
PIPE SYSTEM CLASSIFICATIONS
Based on Material:
 Cast Iron
 Alloy Steel
 Wrought Iron
 Wrought Steel
 Copper and Brass
 PVC
COMMERCIAL PIPES
Cast Iron
 Used for drainage or for resistance to corrosion
and abrasion.

https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/cast-iron-pipe-
COMMERCIAL PIPES
Alloy Steel
 Steels that have special properties
attributed to alloy elements other
than carbon.
 Required for temperatures more
than and may be beneficial above .
 Example: Chromium Molybdenum.
https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/chromoly-steel-tube-23677645612.ht
COMMERCIAL PIPES
Wrought Steel
 Utilized in most plant piping.
 Low cost and strong.
Galvanized – coated with zinc to increase resistance to
corrosion. Used for small water pipes.
Black – not galvanized. Used for large pipes and gas,
steam,
air, or oils.
COMMERCIAL PIPES
Wrought Iron
 Two-component metal consisting of Iron
permeated with 1% to 3% of finely divided and
uniformly distributed iron silicate.
 The silicate is spread throughout the metal in the
shape of fibers.
 Good resistance to corrosion as well.
COMMERCIAL PIPES
Wrought Iron
 Used for condensate, feedwater, and blow-off lines.
 Not advisable to use these pipes when pressures
exceed 17.5 .
 There are times that Wrought Iron and Wrought
Steel refer to the same material, but the difference
is the fibrous structure and/or manufactures mark
their product to indicate it as wrought iron.
COMMERCIAL PIPES
Copper and Brass
 Contain 60% copper with the rest
being Zinc.
 Their use is limited by their cost to
piping in which flexibility,
appearance, or resistance to some
forms of corrosion are needed.
 Mainly used for oil lines https://www.powersteel.com.ph/product/copper-pip
and
occasionally for sections of boiler
feed pipes.
COMMERCIAL PIPES
Polyvinyl Chloride
 “PVC” Pipes
 Durable and relatively cost-
effective.
 Common uses involve
transportation of drinking water,
handling chemical processes,
sewage and drainage systems to
name a few.

https://pvc4pipes.com/pvc-pipes/
 PIPE
CONNECTIONS
PIPE CONNECTIONS
 Adjacent sections of pipes are connected in
different ways.
 Selection for the type of joint depends on several
factors:
- Size of Pipe
- Pressure and Temperature
- Expected Future Maintenance
- First Cost
- Ease of removal of sections between joints
- Labor Available for Installation
PIPE CONNECTIONS
Packed Joints
 Leaded Bell-and-Spigot, or Plain End Coupling
 Mainly used for low pressures, soil pipe, drainage,
and large OD pipes.

https://www.flexicraft.com/Metal_Expansion_Joints/R-Pack_Slip_Type_Packed_Expansion_Joints/
PIPE CONNECTIONS
Screwed/Threaded
Joints
 Couplings and Unions
 Generally used for sizes less
than 101.6 mm but large sizes
are marketed.
 All fittings are threaded to
conform to the American https://www.westlakepipe.com/en/product/pipe/kwik-set-pvc-drop

Standard for Pipe Threads.

PIPE CONNECTIONS
Flanged Joints
 With companion flanges, either
loose or screwed, shrunk,
riveted, or welded to the pipe.
 Flanged fittings are generally
called for in the larger sizes of
pipe.

https://westernoftexas.com/blog/blind-flanges/blind-flange-uses-how-essential-
part-piping-systems/
PIPE CONNECTIONS
Flanged Joints
 Companion flanges are usually utilized in low-
pressure piping larger than 152.4 mm and high-
pressure piping.
 Pressure-sealing gasket are used in between the
flange faces.

https://www.ramgaskets.com/gaskets/
PIPE CONNECTIONS
Welded Joints
 Welds made by the fusion process using gas or
metal arc welders. Fusion welding can be made
either using gas flame or electric arc welding.
 Can be used on high-pressure and temperature
lines.

https://www.zetec.com/blog/pipeline-weld-inspection-your-complete-guide-
to-visual-and-ndt-inspection-methods/
PIPE CONNECTIONS
Welded Joints
 Butt welding is generally used but other kinds of
welds can be used too.
 Difficulty in disassembly compared to the
screwed and flanged joints due to the
destruction of the joint.
PIPE CONNECTIONS
Inspection of Joints
 Pipes and connections should be checked if they
are aligned and conform to the specifications.
 For pipe connection testing, the ends are
blanked off, and any equipment that might be
damaged by over-pressure is removed or
protected. The pipe is filled with water and
hydrostatic pressure applied to the extent
specified (often 150% of working pressure for
24-36 hours) and the line made tight at this
condition.
PIPE CONNECTIONS
Inspection of Joints
 Welded joints are also being tested by impact
blows on each of its sides.
 Ultrasonic Method can also be used in detecting
interior flaws.
 PIPE
FITTINGS
PIPE FITTINGS
 Pieces required to make turns, junctions, and
reductions in pipes.
 Straight Size Fittings:
- Elbows (45 degrees, 90 degrees, etc.)
- Tees
- Crosses
-Y
- Laterals
- Reducers
 PIPE FITTINGS
Elbows Tees Crosses

https://acpumps-ng.com/product/tee/
https://
://www.theprocesspiping.com/a-short-article-on-elbow-as-pipe-fitting/ www.directmaterial.com/
cross-tee-fitting
VALVES
VALVES
 Valves start, stop, or regulate fluid flow.

https://blog.eaglegroupmanufacturers.com/anatomy-of-industrial-valves
VALVES
 Common pipeline valves consist of:
- Body for housing and connecting to the pipes
- Valve seat
- Valve
- Valve stem
- Top
- A means of operating the stem (such as screw
and hand
wheel)
- Packing to prevent leakage around them stem
VALVES
 Furnished for either screwed or flanged
connection.
 Sized by the nominal inside diameter of the pipe
they will be connected to.
 Materials usually used for manufacturing:
Bronze – Noncorrosive and very malleable
Iron – Iron body, bronze mounted, or all iron.
Cast Steel – High strength carbon or alloy
steel with special
high-temperature duty steam trim.
VALVES
Globe Valves (Straight and Angle)
 Do not allow a line to drain completely and offer
more frictional resistance than gate valves.
 Frequently used in very small lines and when
throttling is needed.

https://www.theprocesspiping.com/introduction-to-globe-valve/
VALVES
Gate Valves (Straight and Angle)
 Used in large pipe lines, high-pressure steam
lines, and in all service where small friction loss is
wanted.
 They should always be fully closed or open and
not used for throttling the flow.

https://marinerspointpro.com/gate-valve-types-parts-diagram-
VALVES
Check Valves (Lift and Swing type)

https://www.iqsdirectory.com/articles/check-valve.html
VALVES
Special Valves
 Many valves made by manufacturers must be
classified as special.
 They are used occasionally compared to the
common valves.
 Some examples:
- Safety Valves
- Relief Valves
- Blow-off Valves
- Control and Regulating Valves
PIPE STANDARDS &
SPECIFICATIONS
PIPE STANDARDS &
SPECIFICATIONS
 Pipes are sized by their Nominal Inside Diameter
for sizes up to 304.8 mm.
 Pipes are sized by their Outside Diameter for
sizes above 304.8 mm.
 The American Standards Association has
established a standard where steel pipes are
manufactured with various wall thickness
classifications.
PIPE STANDARDS &
SPECIFICATIONS
Schedule Numbers
 Designate pipe weight
 For the approximation:

Where:
p = Gauge Pressure carried, or Pa
S = Working Stress, or Pa.
PIPE STANDARDS &
SPECIFICATIONS
Example of a Table of Pipe
Schedules:

https://www.pitpipe.com/pipe-schedule-chart.html
PIPE STANDARDS &
SPECIFICATIONS
 In making the pipe wall thicker:
- Additional thickness is added to the inside of
the pipe to
maintain the outside diameter.
- The same size of thread and fittings can be
used for all
weights.
 Steel pipe specifications permit the actual pipe
wall thickness to vary from the nominal size by
12.5%.
 PIPE STANDARDS &
SPECIFICATIONS
ASA Code for Power Pressure Piping
(Not limited to thin walls):

Where:
p = Working Pressure [ ]
= Minimum Pipe Wall Thickness [mm] S = Working Stress,
C = 1.27 for pipes 25.4 mm and smaller
= Outside Diameter, [mm] = 1.65 for 31.8 mm and larger. (Allowances
Note: Pressure and Stress should have the for cutting,
same units. corrosion, etc.)
 EXAMPLE
PROBLEMS
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
What is the working stress of a
schedule 100 pipe with the following
data:
Outside Diameter = 219.08 mm
Wall Thickness = 15.06 mm
Working Pressure = 28.12 gage
Allowance for Corrosion = 1.65
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
Given: Find:
Schedule Number 100
= 15.06 mm
= 219.08 mm
p = 28.12
C = 1.65
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS

15.06 mm

S = 218.4511
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
Determine the schedule number of a
Carbon Steel A-53 pipe where the
pressure carried is 20.5 and the
allowable working stress is 1054.6 .
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
Given: Find:
p = 20.5
S = 1054.6 Schedule Number
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
DESIGNING THE
PIPE SYSTEM
DESIGNING THE PIPE SYSTEM
Determining the Pipe Size
 For a pipe of relatively short length and moderate cost
(typical of interior plant piping) with the quantity of fluid
to be carried identified:
- The usual practice is to assume a velocity based on
satisfactory experience and then solve for the
area.
- From the area, the pipe diameter can be solved and
the
pipe nearest, or in some cases, the next larger
standard
size is selected.
DESIGNING THE PIPE SYSTEM
Determining the Pipe Size
 Volume Flow Rate = Velocity * Cross-sectional
Area

 Mass Flow Rate = Density * Cross-sectional Area

* Velocity
DESIGNING THE PIPE SYSTEM
Darcy-Weisbach Equation
 Unfortunately, losses due to friction are present
in fluid flow in pipes.
 In some cases, a predetermined maximum
allowable friction loss sets the pipe size instead
of average flow practice.
 DESIGNING THE PIPE SYSTEM
Darcy-Weisbach Equation

Where:
= Friction head of the V = Flow Velocity, m/s
fluid, m D = Internal Diameter
f = coefficient of of Pipe, m
g = Acceleration due to
DESIGNING THE PIPE SYSTEM
Pipe Drawing
 From the flow plan, a
schematic diagram of all major
piping can be drawn.
 The drawing should make it
easy to find out the flow
patterns and understand the
connections of the plant.

https://constructionmanuals.tpub.com/14259/css/Figure-14-21-Schematic-piping-diagram-2
DESIGNING THE PIPE SYSTEM
Pipe Drawing
 Piping system drawings consist of a plan and one
or more elevations.
 Pipes can be drawn in single-line diagram or in
double-line outline. Both systems should not
appear on the same run of piping but can appear
on the same drawing with the large, main piping
be designated as double-line while the auxiliary
piping be single line.
DESIGNING THE PIPE SYSTEM
Pipe Drawing
 The schematic should:
- Clarify the basic plan of the plant to all
interested readers.
- Let the contractor bidder pick off all required
quantities,
types, and sizes of equipment of the piping
system except for
elbows and lengths of pipes needed, and
- Be of tangible assistance to plant operators.
DESIGNING THE PIPE SYSTEM
 Begin with a Flow Diagram
 General Steps:
1. Select the weight classification and the materials to
be used in the various sections of the piping system.
2. Calculate the diameters required and specify the
nominal sizes.
3. Select and determine the thickness of insulation.
4. Provide for expansion.
5. Provide for draining condensation from steam lines
and water from water lines.
DESIGNING THE PIPE SYSTEM
6. Make design studies and examine the layout for
clearances.
7. Examine for accessibility and convenience of operation.
8. Consider the visual effect. Will the piping have a clean-
cut appearance, or will it appear jumbled and
amateurish?
9. Provide for support, and in so doing do not fail to follow
up the drainage scheme decided upon.
10.Make final drawings.
REFERENCES
Morse, Frederick T. Power Plant Engineering. Litton Educational
Publishing, Inc., 1953, pp. 571-620.
https://www.wermac.org/pipes/pipe_part1.html#:~:text=is%20a
%20Pipe..-,Pipe%20is%20a%20hollow%20tube%20with%20round
%20cross%20section%20for,for%20pipeline%20and%20piping
%20systems.
https://pvc4pipes.com/pvc-pipes/why-pvc-pipes/