Chapter 3 Control Statements

Selection
Statements
–Using if and if...else
–Nested if Statements
–Using switch Statements
–Conditional Operator
Repetition Statements
–Looping: while, do-while, and for
–Nested loops
–Using break and continue
 Selection Statements
 if Statements
 switch Statements
 Conditional Operators
 if Statements
if (booleanExpression) {
statement(s);
}

Example:
if ((i > 0) && (i < 10)) {
System.out.println("i is an " +
"integer between 0 and 10");
}
 Caution
Adding a semicolon at the end of an if clause
is a common mistake.
if (radius >= 0); Wrong
{
area = radius*radius*PI;
System.out.println(
"The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
This mistake is hard to find, because it is
not a compilation error or a runtime error, it
is a logic error.
This error often occurs when you use the next-
line block style.
 The if...else Statement
if (booleanExpression) {
statement(s)-for-the-true-case;
}
else {
statement(s)-for-the-false-case;
}
 if...else Example
if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius*radius*PI;

System.out.println("The area for the “

+ “circle of radius " + radius +
" is " + area);
}
else {
System.out.println("Negative input");
}
 Multiple Alternative if Statements
if (score >= 90) if (score >= 90)
grade = ‘A’; grade = ‘A’;
else else if (score >= 80)
if (score >= 80) grade = ‘B’;
grade = ‘B’; else if (score >= 70)
else grade = ‘C’;
if (score >= 70) else if (score >= 60)
grade = ‘C’; grade = ‘D’;
else else
if (score >= 60) grade = ‘F’;
grade = ‘D’;
else
grade = ‘F’;
 Note
The else clause matches the most recent if
clause in the same block. For example, the
following statement
int i = 1; int j = 2; int k = 3;
if (i > j)
if (i > k)
System.out.println("A");
else
System.out.println("B");
is equivalent to
int i = 1; int j = 2; int k = 3;
if (i > j)
if (i > k)
System.out.println("A");
else
System.out.println("B");
 Note, cont.
Nothing is printed from the preceding
statement. To force the else clause to
match the first if clause, you must add a
pair of braces:
int i = 1;
int j = 2;
int k = 3;
if (i > j) {
if (i > k)
System.out.println("A");
}
else
System.out.println("B");
This statement prints B.
 Nested if Statements

Example 3.1 Using Nested if Statements

This program reads in number of years and
loan amount and computes the monthly
payment and total payment. The interest
rate is determined by number of years.

TestIfElse Run
 switch Statements
switch (year) {
case 7: annualInterestRate = 7.25;
break;
case 15: annualInterestRate = 8.50;
break;
case 30: annualInterestRate = 9.0;
break;
default: System.out.println(
"Wrong number of years, enter 7, 15, or 30");
}
switch Statement Flow Chart
 switch Statement Rules
The switch-expression must yield a value of
char, byte, short, or int type and must always
be enclosed in parentheses.

The value1, ..., and valueN must have the same

data type as the value of the switch-expression.
The resulting statements in the case statement
are executed when the value in the case
statement matches the value of the switch-
expression. (The case statements are executed in
sequential order.)

The keyword break is optional, but it should be

used at the end of each case in order to
terminate the remainder of the switch statement.
If the break statement is not present, the next
case statement will be executed.
 switch Statement Rules, cont.

The default case, which is

optional, can be used to perform actions
when none of the specified cases is true.
·
The order of the cases (including the
default case) does not matter. However,
it is a good programming style to follow
the logical sequence of the cases and
place the default case at the end.
 Caution
Do not forget to use a break statement when
one is needed. For example, the following
code always displays Wrong number of years
regardless of what numOfYears is. Suppose the
numOfYears is 15. The statement
annualInterestRate = 8.50 is executed, then
the statement annualInterestRate = 9.0, and
finally the statement
System.out.println("Wrong number of years").

switch (numOfYears) {
case 7: annualInterestRate = 7.25;
case 15: annualInterestRate = 8.50;
case 30: annualInterestRate = 9.0;
default: System.out.println("Wrong number of years");
}
 Conditional Operator
if (x > 0) y = 1
else y = -1;

is equivalent to

y = (x > 0) ? 1 : -1;

Ternary operator
Binary operator
Unary operator
 Conditional Operator
if (num % 2 == 0)
System.out.println(num + “is even”);
else
System.out.println(num + “is odd”);

System.out.println(
(num % 2 == 0)? num + “is even” :
num + “is odd”);
 Conditional Operator, cont.
(booleanExp) ? exp1 : exp2
 Repetitions
 while Loops
 do-while Loops
 for Loops
 break and continue
 while Loop Flow Chart
while (continuation-condition) {
// loop-body;
}
 while Loop Flow Chart, cont.
i = 0;

int i = 0;
while (i < 100) { false
(i < 100)
System.out.println(
"Welcome to Java!");
i++;
true
}
System.out.println("Welcoem to Java!");
i++;

Next
Statement
Example 3.2: Using while Loops

TestWhile.java

TestWhile Run
 Caution
Don’t use floating-point values for equality
checking in a loop control. Since floating-
point values are approximations, using them
could result in imprecise counter values and
inaccurate results. This example uses int
value for data. If a floating-point type value
is used for data, (data != 0) may be true even
though data is 0.

// data should be zero

double data = Math.pow(Math.sqrt(2), 2) - 2;

if (data == 0)
System.out.println("data is zero");
else
System.out.println("data is not zero");
 do-while Loop
Statement(s)
do {
// Loop body;
true
} while (continue-condition); Continue
condition?

false

Next
Statement
 for Loops
for (initial-action; loop-continuation-condition;
action-after-each-iteration) {
//loop body;
}

int i = 0;
while (i < 100) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java! ” + i);
i++;
}
Example:
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java! ” + i);
}
 for Loop Flow Chart
for (initial-action;
loop-continuation-condition;
action-after-each-iteration) {
//loop body;
}
 for Loop Example
int i;
i=0
for (i = 0; i<100; i++) {
System.out.println(
"Welcome to Java"); false
i++ i<100?
}
true

System.out.println(
“Welcom to Java!”);

Next
Statement
 for Loop Examples
Examples for using the for loop:
 Example 3.3: Using for Loops

TestSum Run

 Example 3.4: Using Nested for Loops

TestMulTable Run
 Which Loop to Use?
The three forms of loop statements, while, do, and for, are
expressively equivalent; that is, you can write a loop in
any of these three forms.
I recommend that you use the one that is most intuitive
and comfortable for you. In general, a for loop may be
used if the number of repetitions is known, as, for
example, when you need to print a message 100 times. A
while loop may be used if the number of repetitions is not
known, as in the case of reading the numbers until the
input is 0. A do-while loop can be used to replace a while
loop if the loop body has to be executed before testing the
continuation condition.
 Caution
Adding a semicolon at the end of the
for clause before the loop body is a
common mistake, as shown below:
Wrong
for (int i=0; i<10; i++);
{
System.out.println("i is " + i);
}
 Caution, cont.
Similarly, the following loop is also
wrong:
int i=0; Wrong
while (i<10);
{
System.out.println("i is " + i);
i++;
}
In the case of the do loop, the
following semicolon is needed to end
the loop.
int i=0;
do {
Correct
System.out.println("i is " + i);
i++;
} while (i<10);
The break Keyword
The continue Keyword
 Using break and continue
Examples for using the break and continue
keywords:

 Example 3.5: TestBreak.java

TestBreak Run

 Example 3.6: TestContinue.java

TestContinue Run
 Example 3.7
Finding the Sales Amount
You have just started a sales job in a
department store. Your pay consists of a base
salary and a commission. The base salary is
$5,000. The scheme shown below is used to
determine the commission rate.
Sales Amount Commission Rate
$0.01–$5,000 8 percent
$5,000.01–$10,000 10 percent
$10,000.01 and above 12 percent
Your goal is to earn $30,000 in a year. Write a
program that will find out the minimum amount
FindSalesAmount
of sales you have to generate in order Run
to make
$30,000.
 Example 3.8
Displaying a Pyramid of Numbers
In this example, you will use nested loops to
print the following output:
1
212
32123
4321234
543212345
Your program prints five lines. Each line
consists of three parts. The first part
comprises the spaces before the numbers; the
second part, the leading numbers, such as 3 2 1
PrintPyramid
on line 3; and the last Run
part, the ending
numbers, such as 2 3 on line 3.
 Example 3.9
Displaying Prime Numbers
This example displays the first 50 prime
numbers in five lines, each of which contains
10 numbers. An integer greater than 1 is prime
if its only positive divisor is 1 or itself.
For example, 2, 3, 5, and 7 are prime numbers,
but 4, 6, 8, and 9 are not.
The problem can be broken into the following
tasks:
•For number = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ..., test whether
the number is prime.
•Determine whether a given number is prime.
•Count the prime numbers.
PrimeNumber Run
•Print each prime number, and print 10 numbers
per line.