Java If-else Statement

The Java if statement is used to test the condition. It checks Boolean condition: true or false. There are
various types of if statement in java.

o if statement
o if-else statement
o if-else-if ladder
o nested if statement

Java if Statement

The Java if statement tests the condition. It executes the if block if condition is true.

Syntax:

if(condition){
//code to be executed
}

Example:

//Java Program to demonstate the use of if statement.

public class If1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//defining an 'age' variable
int age=20;
//checking the age
if(age>18){
System.out.print("Age is greater than 18");
}
}
}

Output:

Age is greater than 18

 Java if-else Statement

The Java if-else statement also tests the condition. It executes the if block if condition is true
otherwise else block is executed.

Syntax:

if(condition){
//code if condition is true
}else{
//code if condition is false
}

Example:

//A Java Program to demonstrate the use of if-else statement.

//It is a program of odd and even number.
public class If2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//defining a variable
int number=13;
//Check if the number is divisible by 2 or not
if(number%2==0){
System.out.println("even number");
}else{
System.out.println("odd number");
}
}
}

Output:

odd number

Java if-else-if ladder Statement

The if-else-if ladder statement executes one condition from multiple statements.

Syntax:

if(condition1){
//code to be executed if condition1 is true
}else if(condition2){
//code to be executed if condition2 is true
}
else if(condition3){
//code to be executed if condition3 is true
}
...
else{
//code to be executed if all the conditions are false
}

Example:

//Java Program to demonstrate the use of If else-if ladder.

//It is a program of grading system for fail, D grade, C grade, B grade, A grade and A+.
public class If3 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int marks=65;

if(marks<50){
System.out.println("fail");
}
else if(marks>=50 && marks<60){
System.out.println("D grade");
}
else if(marks>=60 && marks<70){
System.out.println("C grade");
}
else if(marks>=70 && marks<80){
System.out.println("B grade");
}
else if(marks>=80 && marks<90){
System.out.println("A grade");
}else if(marks>=90 && marks<100){
System.out.println("A+ grade");
}else{
System.out.println("Invalid!");
}
}
}

Output:

C grade
 Java Nested if statement

The nested if statement represents the if block within another if block. Here, the inner if block
condition executes only when outer if block condition is true.

Syntax:

if(condition){
//code to be executed
if(condition){
//code to be executed
}
}

Example:

//Java Program to demonstrate the use of Nested If Statement.

public class If4 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Creating two variables for age and weight
int age=20;
int weight=80;
//applying condition on age and weight
if(age>=18){
if(weight>50){
System.out.println("You are eligible to donate blood");
}
}
}}

Output:

You are eligible to donate blood

Example 2:

//Java Program to demonstrate the use of Nested If Statement.

public class If5 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Creating two variables for age and weight
int age=25;
int weight=48;
//applying condition on age and weight
if(age>=18){
if(weight>50){
System.out.println("You are eligible to donate blood");
} else{
System.out.println("You are not eligible to donate blood");
 }
} else{
System.out.println("Age must be greater than 18");
}
} }

Output:

You are not eligible to donate blood

Java Switch Statement

The Java switch statement executes one statement from multiple conditions. It is like if-else-if ladder
statement. The switch statement works with byte, short, int, long, enum types, String and some
wrapper types like Byte, Short, Int, and Long. Since Java 7, you can use strings in the switch
statement.

In other words, the switch statement tests the equality of a variable against multiple values.

Points to Remember

o There can be one or N number of case values for a switch expression.

o The case value must be of switch expression type only. The case value must be literal or
constant. It doesn't allow variables.

o The case values must be unique. In case of duplicate value, it renders compile-time error.

o The Java switch expression must be of byte, short, int, long (with its Wrapper type), enums and
string.

o Each case statement can have a break statement which is optional. When control reaches to
the break statement, it jumps the control after the switch expression. If a break statement is
not found, it executes the next case.

o The case value can have a default label which is optional.

 Syntax:

switch(expression){
case value1:
//code to be executed;
break; //optional
case value2:
//code to be executed;
break; //optional
......

default:
code to be executed if all cases are not matched;
}

Example:

public class Switch1 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
//Declaring a variable for switch expression
int number=20;
//Switch expression
switch(number){
//Case statements
case 10: System.out.println("10");
break;
case 20: System.out.println("20");
break;
case 30: System.out.println("30");
break;
//Default case statement
default:System.out.println("Not in 10, 20 or 30");
}
}
}

Output:

20
Loops in Java

In programming languages, loops are used to execute a set of instructions/functions repeatedly when
some conditions become true. There are three types of loops in java.

o for loop

o while loop

o do-while loop

Java For Loop

The Java for loop is used to iterate a part of the program several times. If the number of iteration is
fixed, it is recommended to use for loop.

There are three types of for loops in java.

o Simple For Loop

o For-each or Enhanced For Loop

o Labeled For Loop

 Java Simple For Loop

A simple for loop is the same as C/C++. We can initialize the variable, check condition and
increment/decrement value. It consists of four parts:

1. Initialization: It is the initial condition which is executed once when the loop starts. Here, we
can initialize the variable, or we can use an already initialized variable. It is an optional
condition.

2. Condition: It is the second condition which is executed each time to test the condition of the
loop. It continues execution until the condition is false. It must return boolean value either
true or false. It is an optional condition.

3. Statement: The statement of the loop is executed each time until the second condition is false.

4. Increment/Decrement: It increments or decrements the variable value. It is an optional

condition.

Syntax:

for(initialization;condition;incr/decr){
//statement or code to be executed
}

//Java Program to print 1 to 10

public class For1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Code of Java for loop
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}

Output:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
 Java Labeled For Loop

We can have a name of each Java for loop. To do so, we use label before the for loop. It is useful if we
have nested for loop so that we can break/continue specific for loop.

Usually, break and continue keywords breaks/continues the innermost for loop only.

Syntax:

1. labelname:
2. for(initialization;condition;incr/decr){
3. //code to be executed
4. }

Example:

//A Java program to demonstrate the use of labeled for loop

public class For2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Using Label for outer and for loop
aa:
for(int i=1;i<=3;i++){
bb:
for(int j=1;j<=3;j++){
if(i==2&&j==2){
break aa;
}
System.out.println(i+" "+j);
}
}
}
}

Output:

11
12
13
21

If you use break bb;, it will break inner loop only which is the default behavior of any loop.
public class For3 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
aa:
for(int i=1;i<=3;i++){
bb:
for(int j=1;j<=3;j++){
if(i==2&&j==2){
break bb;
}
System.out.println(i+" "+j);
}
}
}
}

Output:

11
12
13
21
31
32
33
 Java While Loop

The Java while loop is used to iterate a part of the program several times. If the number of iteration is
not fixed, it is recommended to use while loop.

Syntax:

while(condition){
//code to be executed
}

Example:

public class While1 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int i=1;
while(i<=10){
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}
}
}

Output:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
 Java do-while Loop

The Java do-while loop is used to iterate a part of the program several times. If the number of
iteration is not fixed and you must have to execute the loop at least once, it is recommended to use
do-while loop.

The Java do-while loop is executed at least once because condition is checked after loop body.

Syntax:

do{
//code to be executed
}while(condition);

Example:

public class DoWhile1{

public static void main(String[] args) {
int i=1;
do{
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}while(i<=10);
}
}

Output:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
 Java Break Statement

When a break statement is encountered inside a loop, the loop is immediately terminated and the
program control resumes at the next statement following the loop.

The Java break is used to break loop or switch statement. It breaks the current flow of the program at
specified condition. In case of inner loop, it breaks only inner loop.

We can use Java break statement in all types of loops such as for loop, while loop and do-while loop.

Syntax:

jump-statement;
break;

Java Break Statement with Loop

Example:

public class Break1 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
//using for loop
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){
if(i==5){
//breaking the loop
break;
}
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}

Output:

1
2
3
4
 Java Continue Statement

The continue statement is used in loop control structure when you need to jump to the next iteration
of the loop immediately. It can be used with for loop or while loop.

The Java continue statement is used to continue the loop. It continues the current flow of the program
and skips the remaining code at the specified condition. In case of an inner loop, it continues the
inner loop only.

We can use Java continue statement in all types of loops such as for loop, while loop and do-while
loop.

Syntax:

jump-statement;
continue;

Java Continue Statement Example

Example:

//Java Program to demonstrate the use of continue statement

//inside the for loop.
public class Continue1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//for loop
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){
if(i==5){
//using continue statement
continue;//it will skip the rest statement
}
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}

Output:

1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10

Java Comments

The java comments are statements that are not executed by the compiler and interpreter. The
comments can be used to provide information or explanation about the variable, method, class or any
statement. It can also be used to hide program code for specific time.

Types of Java Comments

There are 3 types of comments in java.

1. Single Line Comment

2. Multi Line Comment

3. Documentation Comment

1) Java Single Line Comment

The single line comment is used to comment only one line.

Syntax:
//This is single line comment

Example:

public class CommentExample1 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int i=10;//Here, i is a variable
System.out.println(i);
}
}

Output:

10

2) Java Multi Line Comment

The multi line comment is used to comment multiple lines of code.

Syntax:

/*
This
is
multi line
comment
*/

Example:

public class CommentExample2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
/* Let's declare and
print variable in java. */
int i=10;
System.out.println(i);
}
}

Output:

10
 3) Java Documentation Comment

The documentation comment is used to create documentation API. To create documentation API, you
need to use javadoc tool.

Syntax:

/**
This
is
documentation
comment
*/

Example:

/** The Calculator class provides methods to get addition and subtraction of given 2 numbers.*/
public class Calculator {
/** The add() method returns addition of given numbers.*/
public static int add(int a, int b){return a+b;}
/** The sub() method returns subtraction of given numbers.*/
public static int sub(int a, int b){return a-b;}
}

Compile it by javac tool:

javac Calculator.java

Create Documentation API by javadoc tool:

javadoc Calculator.java