Unit 1

Basic Programing
with C++
Data Types, Selections, Loops,
Arrays
Reference for these slides
Liang, Y. Daniel. Introduction to Programming with C++. Pearson Education India, 2011.
Gaddis, Tony, and Piyali Sengupta. Starting out with C++: from control structures
through objects. Pearson, 2012.
1
Agenda Covered in Lectures

Covered in Lab

2 2
Introduction to
programing
with C++

3
Write a program to compute the Area
of a Circle

4 4
 Trace a Program Execution
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; No semicolon

int main()
main()d
{
double radius;
const double PI = 3.14159;

// Step 1: Read in radius

radius = 20;

// Step 2: Compute area

double area = radius * radius * PI;

// Step 3: Display the area

cout << "The area is ";
cout << area << endl;
}
5 5
 Trace a Program Execution
allocate memory
for radius
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
radius no value
int main()
{
double radius; // Declaring a variable of type double
const double PI = 3.14159;

// Step 1: Read in radius

radius = 20;

// Step 2: Compute area

double area = radius * radius * PI;

// Step 3: Display the area

cout << "The area is ";
cout << area << endl;
}
6 6
 Trace a Program Execution
allocate memory memory
#include <iostream> for PI
using namespace std;
radius no value
int main() Literal
PI 3.14159
{
double radius;
const double PI = 3.14159;
// Naming a constant, should have a value.

// Step 1: Read in radius

radius = 20;

// Step 2: Compute area

double area = radius * radius * PI;

// Step 3: Display the area

cout << "The area is ";
cout << area << endl;
}
7 7
 Trace a Program Execution
#include <iostream> assign 20 to radius memory
using namespace std;
radius 20
int main() PI 3.14159
{
double radius;
const double PI = 3.14159;

// Step 1: Read in radius

radius = 20;// Assignment Statements
Literal
// Step 2: Compute area
double area = radius * radius * PI;

// Step 3: Display the area

cout << "The area is ";
cout << area << endl;
}
8 8
 Trace a Program Execution
#include <iostream> memory
using namespace std;
radius 20
int main() PI 3.14159
{ area 1256.636
double radius;
const double PI = 3.14159;
compute area and assign it
// Step 1: Read in radius to a new variable area
radius = 20;

// Step 2: Compute area

double area = radius * radius *
//PI;
Declare variable & assign it

// Step 3: Display the area

cout << "The area is ";
cout << area << endl;
}
9 9
 Trace a Program Execution
#include <iostream> memory
using namespace std;
radius 20
int main() PI 3.14159
{ area 1256.636
double radius;
const double PI = 3.14159;

// Step 1: Read in radius print a message to the

radius = 20; console

// Step 2: Compute area

double area = radius * radius * PI;

// Step 3: Display the area

cout << "The area is ";
cout << area << endl;
}
10 10
Reading Input from the Keyboard
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
double radius;
const double PI = 3.14159;

// Step 1: Read in radius

cout << "Enter a radius: ";// Use the cin object to read
cin >> radius; // input from the keyboard.

// Step 2: Compute area

double area = radius * radius * PI;

// Step 3: Display the area

cout << "The area is ";
cout << area << endl;
} 11 11
Reading Multiple Input in One Statement
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
// Prompt the user to enter three numbers
double number1, number2, number3;
cout << "Enter three numbers: ";
cin >> number1 >> number2 >> number3;

// Compute average
double average = (number1 + number2 + number3) / 3;

// Display result
cout << "The average of " << number1 << " " <<
number2
<< " " << number3 << " is " << average << endl;

return 0;
Enter three numbers:10.5
numbers:
} 11 11.5
The average of 10.5 11 11.5 is
11 12 12
 Identifiers
The names that identify elements such as
variables and functions in a program
 Can have letters, digits, and underscores ( _ ).
 Must start with a letter or an underscore, not a
digit.
 Cannot be a reserved word.
 Can be of any length but C++ compiler may
impose some restriction. Safer to be < 31
characters.
13 13
 Variables

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int i = k + 1;
cout << I << endl;

int i = 1;
cout << i << endl;

return 0;
}
14 14
 Basic
Data Types

15
 Numerical Data Types
Name Synonymy Range Storage Size

short short int –215 to 215–1 (-32,768 to 32,767) 16-bit signed

unsigned short unsigned short int 0 to 216–1 (65535) 16-bit unsigned

int signed –231 to 231–1 (-2147483648 to 2147483647) 32-bit

unsigned unsigned int 0 to 232–1 (4294967295) 32-bit unsigned

signed
long long int –231 (-2147483648) to 231–1 (2147483647) 32-bit signed
unsigned long unsigned long int 0 to 232–1 (4294967295) 32-bit unsigned
long long –263 (-9223372036854775808) to
263–1 (9223372036854775807) 64-bit signed

float
C++11: long long is Negative range: 32-bit IEEE 754
defined in C++11 -3.4028235E+38 to -1.4E-45
Positive range:
1.4E-45 to 3.4028235E+38
double Negative range: 64-bit IEEE 754
-1.7976931348623157E+308 to -4.9E-324
Positive range:
4.9E-324 to 1.7976931348623157E+308
long double Negative range: 80-bit
-1.18E+4932 to -3.37E-4932
Positive range:
3.37E-4932 to 1.18E+4932
Significant decimal digits: 19

16 16
 sizeof Function
You can use the sizeof function to find the size of a
type. For example, the following statement displays
the size of int, long, and double on your machine.

cout << sizeof(int) << " " <<

sizeof(long) << " " << sizeof(double);

17 17
 Numeric Operators

+, -, *, /, and %

5 / 2 yields an integer 2.
5.0 / 2 yields a double value 2.5

5 % 2 yields 1 (the remainder of the division)

18 18
 Example: Displaying Time
Write a program that obtains minutes
from seconds.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
// Prompt the user for input
int seconds;
cout << "Enter an integer for seconds: ";
cin >> seconds;
int minutes = seconds / 60;
int remainingSeconds = seconds % 60;
cout << seconds << " seconds is " << minutes <<
" minutes and " << remainingSeconds << " seconds "
<< endl; Run
DisplayTime
return 0;
}
19 19
 Exponent Operations
cout << pow(2.0, 3) << endl;// Displays 8.0
cout << pow(4.0, //
0.5) << endl; Displays 2.0
cout << pow(2.5, 2) << endl;// Displays 6.25
cout << pow(2.5, //
-2) << endl; Displays 0.16

20 20
 Overflow
When a variable is assigned a value that
is too large to be stored, it causes
overflow. For example, executing the
following statement causes overflow

short value = 32767 + 1;

-32768

21 21
 Arithmetic Expressions
3  4 x 10( y  5)( a  b  c ) 4 9x
  9(  )
5 x x y

is translated to

(3+4*x)/5 – 10*(y-5)*(a+b+c)/x + 9*(4/x + (9+x)/y)

22 22
Augmented Assignment
Operators
Operator Example Equivalent

+= i += 8 i = i + 8

-= f -= 8.0 f = f - 8.0

*= i *= 8 i = i * 8

/= i /= 8 i = i / 8

%= i %= 8 i = i % 8

23 23
 Increment and
Decrement Operators
Operator Name Description
The expression (var++) evaluates to the
post- original value in var and increments var by 1.
var++
increment
The expression (++var) increments var by 1
pre-
++var and evaluates to the new value in var after the
increment
increment.
The expression (var--) evaluates to the original
post- value in var and decrements var by 1.
var--
decrement

The expression (--var) decrements var by 1 and

pre-
--var evaluates to the new value in var after the
decrement
decrement.
24 24
 Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.

int i = 10; Same effect as

int newNum = 10 * i++; int newNum = 10 * i;
i = i + 1;

int i = 10; Same effect as

int newNum = 10 * (++i); i = i + 1;

int newNum = 10 * i;

25 25
 Numeric Type Conversion
Consider the following statements:

short i = 1;
long k = i * 3 + 4;
double d1 = i * 3.1 + k / 2;
double d2 = i * 3.1 + k / 2.0;
d1 = 6.1
d2 = 6.6
26 26
 Type Casting
Implicit casting
int i = 3;
double d = i; //type widening.
//i did not change

Explicit casting
int i = static_cast<int>(3.0); //type
narrowing
int i = (int)3.9; //Fraction part is
truncated

27 27
 Example: Keeping Two Digits
After Decimal Points
Write a program that displays the sales tax
#include <iostream>
(6%) with
using twostd;
namespace digits after the decimal point.
int main()
{
// Enter purchase amount
double purchaseAmount;
cout << "Enter purchase amount: ";
cin >> purchaseAmount;

double tax = purchaseAmount * 0.06;

cout << "Sales tax is " << static_cast<int>(tax * 100) /
100.0;

return 0;
}
28 28
Selections

29
 if Statements
Boolean Expression

Outer parentheses: Required

if ((radius
radius>=
>=00))
NO Semicolon!!
{
area = radius * radius * PI;
cout << "The area for the circle of " << " radius "
<< radius << " is " << area;
}
}
false
Boolean
Expression
Braces can be omitted if the block contains only
one statement true

Statement(s)

30 30
 Relational Operators

Operator Name Example Result

< less than 1 < 2 true

<= less than or equal to 1 <= 2 true
> greater than 1 > 2 false
>= greater than or equal to 1 >= 2 false
== equal to 1 == 2 false
!= not equal to 1 != 2 true

31 31
 Examples
 Writea program that prompts the user to enter an integer. If the
number is a multiple of 5, display HiFive. If the number is even,
display HiEven.

32 32
 Examples
 Writea program that prompts
#includethe<iostream>
user to enter an integer. If the
number is a multiple ofusing namespace std;
5, display HiFive. If the number is even,
display HiEven. int main()
{
// Prompt the user to enter an
integer
int number;
cout << "Enter an integer: ";
cin >> number;

if (number % 5 == 0)
{ cout << "HiFive" << endl;
cout << "HiFive" << endl;
if
} (number % 2 == 0 )
ifcout << "HiEven"
(number % 2 == 0<<
) endl;
{
return
cout 0;
<< "HiEven" << endl;
} }

return 0;
33 33
}
 Examples
 Write
a program that prompts the user to enter an integer. If the
number is a multiple of 5, display HiFive. Otherwise, if the
number is even, display HiEven.

34 34
 Examples
#include <iostream>
 Write
a program that prompts the user to
using namespace enter
std; an integer. If the
number is a multiple ofint
5, display
main()
HiFive. Otherwise, if the
number is even, display{ HiEven.
// Prompt the user to enter an
integer
int number;
cout << "Enter an integer: ";
cin >> number;

if (number % 5 == 0)
{
cout << "HiFive" << endl;
} Nested
else
{
if (number % 2 == 0 )
cout << "HiEven" << endl;
}

return 0; 35
} 35
 Multiple Alternative if
Statements
Only if the
body of
else is just if
if
if (score >= 95.0)
(score >= 90.0)
an if- if (score >= 95.0)
(score >= 90.0)
cout <<<< "Grade
"Grade is isA";
A"; cout
cout<<
<< "Grade
"Grade is
is A";
A";
else statement elseelse
if (score >= 80.0)
else if (score >= 80.0)
Equivalent cout
if (score
(score >=>= 80.0)
80.0) cout << "Grade
<< "Grade is
is B";
B";
cout <<
cout <<"Grade
"GradeisisB";
B"; elseelse
if (score
if (score>= >=
70.0)
65.0)
else cout << "Grade is C";
cout << "Grade is C";
if (score
if (score>=>=65.0)
70.0) elseelse
if (score >= 60.0)
cout <<
cout <<"Grade
"GradeisisC";
C"; cout
cout<<
<< "Grade
"Grade is
is D";
F";
else
else else
if (score
cout >= 60.0)
<< "Grade is F"; This is better cout << "Grade is F";
cout << "Grade is D";
else
cout << "Grade is F";

(a) (b)

36
 What is wrong?

if (score >= 65.0)

cout << "Grade is C";
else if (score >=
80.0)
cout << "Grade is B";
else if (score >=
95.0)
cout << "Grade is A";
else
cout << "Grade is F";

37 37
 Logical Operators
Operator Name Description

! not logical negation

&& and logical conjunction
|| or logical disjunction

38 38
 Examples
Write a program that checks whether a number is divisible by 2 and
3, whether a number is divisible by 2 or 3, and whether a number is
divisible by 2 or 3 but not both:

39 39
 Examples
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
Write a program that checks whether a number is divisible by 2 and
int main()
3, whether
{
a number is divisible by 2 or 3, and whether a number is
divisible by 2 or 3 but not both:
int number;
cout << "Enter an integer: ";
cin >> number;

if (number % 2 == 0 && number % 3 == 0)

cout << number << " is divisible by 2 and 3." << endl;

if (number % 2 == 0 || number % 3 == 0)
cout << number << " is divisible by 2 or 3." << endl;

if ((number % 2 == 0 || number % 3 == 0) &&

!(number % 2 == 0 && number % 3 == 0))
cout << number << " divisible by 2 or 3, but not both." <<
endl;

return(0);
} 40 40
 Examples
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; Short-circuit operators
Write a program that checks whether a number is divisible by 2 and
int main()
3, whether
{
a number is divisible by 2 or 3, and whether a number is
divisible by 2 or 3 but not both:
int number; Stops if condition 1 is False
cout << "Enter an integer: ";
cin >> number;
Stops if condition 1 is True
if (number % 2 == 0 && number % 3 == 0)
cout << number << " is divisible by 2 and 3." << endl;

if (number % 2 == 0 || number % 3 == 0)
cout << number << " is divisible by 2 or 3." << endl;

if ((number % 2 == 0 || number % 3 == 0) &&

!(number % 2 == 0 && number % 3 == 0))
cout << number << " divisible by 2 or 3, but not both." <<
endl;

return(0);
} 41 41
 Different unique cases?
if (selectedOption == 0)
{
//create new file;
}
else if (selectedOption == 1)
{
//open existing file;
}
else if (selectedOption == 2)
{
//close current file;
}
else if (selectedOption == 3)
{
//exit program;
}
else
{
cout << "Error: invalid input" << endl;
}
42 42
 switch Statements
switch (selectedOption)
{
case 0:
//create new file;
break;
case 1:
//open existing file;
break;
case 2:
//close current file;
break;
case 3:
//exit program;
break;
default:
cout << "Error: invalid input" << endl;
}

43 43
Must switch Statements
switch (selectedOption)
{
case 0: Must yield a value of char, int, or enum type (can be expression)
//create new file;
break;
case 1:
//open existing file;
break; Must be a const of the same type as switch-expression
case 2:
//close current file;
break;
case 3:
//exit program;
break;
default:
cout << "Error: invalid input" << endl;
}

44 44
 switch Statements
switch (selectedOption)
{
case 0:
//create new file;
break;
case 1:
//open existing file;
break;
case 2:
//close current file; Can be removed, but then next case will be executed
break;
case 3:
//exit program;
break; Optional, to perform actions when no case is matched.
default:
cout << "Error: invalid input" << endl;
}

45 45
 What is the output?
char ch = 'b'; A:
switch (ch) b
{ B:
bb
case 'a': cout << ch;
C:
case 'b': cout << ch; bc
case 'c': cout << ch;
b
} D:
c

46 46
Operator Precedence

47 47
Loops

48
 Introducing while Loops
int count = 0;
while (count < 100)
// loop continuation condition
{ // loop body
cout << "Welcome to C++!\n";
count++;
} count = 0;

false
(count < 100)?

true
cout << "Welcome to C++!\n";
count++;

49 49
 Ending a Loop with a Sentinel
Value
Often the number of times a loop is executed is not
predetermined. You may use an input value to signify
the end of the loop. Such a value is known as a
sentinel value.

Write a program that reads and calculates the sum of

an unspecified number of integers. The input 0
signifies the end of the input.

50 50
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int data;
cout << "Enter an integer (the input ends if it is 0): ";
cin >> data;

// Keep reading data until the input is 0

int sum = 0;
while (data != 0)
{
sum += data;

// Read the next data

cout << "Enter an integer (the input ends if it is 0): ";
cin >> data;
}

cout << "The sum is " << sum << endl;

return 0;
}

51
Exercise

3
5
7
9

52 52
 do-while Loop

Statement(s)
(loop body)

true Loop
Continuation
do Condition?
{ false
// Loop body;
Statement(s);
} while (loop-continuation-condition);
53 53
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
// Keep reading data until the input is 0
int sum = 0;
int data = 0;

do
{
sum += data;

// Read the next data

cout << "Enter an integer (the input ends if it is 0): ";
cin >> data;
}
while (data != 0);

cout << "The sum is " << sum << endl;

return 0;
}

54
 do-while Loop
What is wrong in the following code?

int sum = 0;

do
{
// Read the next data
cout << "Enter an integer (the input ends if it is 0):
";
int data;
cin >> data;

sum += data;
} while (data != 0);

cout << "The sum is " << sum << endl;

55 55
 (1) initialize
for Loops
(2)
(2)Check
Checkbefore
beforeloop
loop
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 100; i++)
{ (4)
(4)Update
Update@@end
endofofloop
loop

cout << "Welcome to C++!\n";

}

(3)
(3)Execute
Executeloop
loop

56 56
 Notes
 The initial-action in a for loop can be a list of zero or more
comma-separated expressions.
for (i = 0; i < 100; i+
+)
 The action-after-each-iteration in a for loop can be a list of
zero or more comma-separated statements.
for (i = 0; i < 100; i+
 You can have NO stopping condition (infinite loop) +)

for (i = 0; i < 100; i+

+)
for (int i = 1; i < 100; cout << (i++));

57 57
 Example: Using for Loops

What does this program do?

// Initialize sum
double sum = 0;

// Add 0.01, 0.02, ..., 0.99, 1 to sum

for (double i = 0.01; i <= 1.0; i = i + 0.01)
sum += i;

// Display result
cout << "The sum is " << sum << endl;

58 58
 Which Loop to Use?
 The three forms of loop statements are
equivalent
 Use the most intuitive and comfortable for
you:
– A for loop: if the number of repetitions is
counter-controlled.
– A while loop: if the number of repetitions is
sentinel-controlled
– A do-while loop: replaces a while loop if the
loop body must be executed before testing
the continuation condition. 59 59
 Nested Loops
What does this program do?

for (int i = 1; i <= 9; i++)

{
for (int j = 1; j <= 9; j++)
{
// Display the product and align
properly
112 2
3 435 4
6 758 6
9 7 8
cout << setw(3)
" " << i<<
* j;
i * j; 9
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
} 326 4
9 12
6 15
8 10
18 12
21 14
24 16
27
cout << "\n"; 18
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
} 363 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
27
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
454 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
36
6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
545 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
45
7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56
60
636 12 18 24 30 36 42 4860
What does this program do?
int main()
{
int sum = 0;
int number = 0;

while (number < 20)

{
number++;
sum += number; Exit the whole while loop
if (sum >= 100)
break;
}

cout << "The number is " << number << endl;

cout << "The sum is " << sum << endl;

return 0;
}

61
What does this program do?
int main()
{
int sum = 0;
int number = 0;

while (number < 20)

{
number++;
if (number == 10 || number == 11)
continue;
sum += number; End the current iteration
} and jump to the next one

cout << "The sum is " << sum << endl;

return 0;
}

62
Arrays

63
 Introducing Arrays
Array is a data structure that represents a collection
of the same types of data.
double myList [10];

myList[0] 5.6
myList[1] 4.5
myList[2] 3.3
myList[3] 13.2
myList[4] 4.0
Array element at
myList[5] 34.33 Element value
index 5
myList[6] 34.0

myList[7] 45.45

myList[8] 99.993

myList[9] 111.23

64
 Declaring Array Variables
datatype arrayRefVar[arraySize];
Example:
double myList[10]; // the indices are from 0
to 9

C++ requires that the array size used to declare an array must
be a constant expression.

int size = 4;
double myList[size]; // Wrong

const int size = 4; ✔

double myList[size]; //
Correct
65
 Using Indexed Variables
 After an array is created, use indexed variables as
a regular variable:

double myList[4];
myList[0] = 5;
myList[1] = 9;
myList[2] = myList[0] +
myList[1];

66
 Using Indexed Variables
 C++ does not check array’s boundary
 When an array is created, its elements are
assigned with arbitrary values.
double myList[10];
cout << myList[2] << endl; !
cout << myList[12] << endl;!

67
 Printing arrays

cout << myList; // Not what you

want/mean;
To print a regular array, print each element using a loop:
for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE; i++)
cout << myList[i] << " ";

68
 Copying Arrays
list = myList;

This is not allowed in C++.

You must copy individual elements from one array to

the other as follows:
for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE; i++)
{
list[i] = myList[i]; ✔
}
69
Functions

70
 Opening Problem
What does this program do?
int main()
{
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
sum += i;
cout << "Sum from 1 to 10 is " << sum << endl;

sum = 0;
for (int i = 20; i <= 37; i++)
sum += i;
cout << "Sum from 20 to 37 is " << sum << endl;

sum = 0;
for (int i = 35; i <= 49; i++)
sum += i;
cout << "Sum from 35 to 49 is " << sum << endl;

return 0;
} 71 71
 An Alternative
int sum(int i1, int i2)
{
int sum = 0; Function Definition
for (int i = i1; i <= i2; i++) (Define a Function)
sum += i;
return sum;
}

int main()
{ Function Call
cout << "Sum from 1 to 10 is " << sum(1, 10) <<
endl;
cout << "Sum from 20 to 37 is " << sum(20, 37) <<
endl; (Invoke a function)
cout << "Sum from 35 to 49 is " << sum(35, 49) <<
endl;
return 0;
}
72
Return
value type Method An Alternative
name
int sum(int i1, int i2)
{ Parameters List
int sum = 0;
for (int i = i1; i <= i2; i++)
sum += i;
return sum;
}
Return value

int main()
{
cout << "Sum from 1 to 10 is " << sum(1, 10) <<
endl;
cout << "Sum from 20 to 37 is " << sum(20, 37) <<
endl;
cout << "Sum from 35 to 49 is " << sum(35, 49) <<
endl;
return 0;
}
73
 An Alternative
Function signature
int sum(int i1, int i2) Function header
{
int sum = 0;
for (int i = i1; i <= i2; i++)
sum += i; Function body
return sum;
}

int main()
{
cout << "Sum from 1 to 10 is " << sum(1, 10) <<
endl;
cout << "Sum from 20 to 37 is " << sum(20, 37) <<
endl;
cout << "Sum from 35 to 49 is " << sum(35, 49) <<
endl;
return 0;
}
74
 Formal Parameters
Can be void
An Alternative
int sum(int i1, int i2)
{
int sum = 0;
for (int i = i1; i <= i2; i++)
sum += i;
return sum;
}
(Arguments)
int main() Actual Parameters Keep order
{
cout << "Sum from 1 to 10 is " << sum(1, 10) <<
endl;
cout << "Sum from 20 to 37 is " << sum(20, 37) <<
endl;
cout << "Sum from 35 to 49 is " << sum(35, 49) <<
endl;
return 0;
}
75
 Call Stacks
int max(int num1, int int main()
num2) {
{ int i = 5;
int result; int j = 2;
if (num1 > num2) int k = max(i, j);
result = num1; }
else
result = num2;
return result;
}

76
 Overloading Functions
The max function used earlier works for int
data type.
What if you also need the max of two floating-
point numbers?

77
// Return the max of two int values
int max(int num1, int num2)
{
if (num1 > num2)
return num1;
else
return num2;
}

// Find the max of two double values

double max(double num1, double num2)
{
if (num1 > num2)
return num1;
else
return num2;
}

// Return the max of three double values

double max(double num1, double num2, double num3)
{
return max(max(num1, num2), num3);
}
78
int main()
{
// Invoke the max function with int parameters
cout << "The maximum of 3 and 4 is "
<< max(3, 4) << endl;

// Invoke the max function with the double parameters

cout << "The maximum of 3.0 and 5.4 is "
<< max(3.0, 5.4) << endl;

// Invoke the max function with three double parameters

cout << "The maximum of 3.0, 5.4, and 10.14 is "
<< max(3.0, 5.4, 10.14) << endl;

return 0;
}

79
 Ambiguous Invocation
int maxNumber(int num1, double num2)
{
if (num1 > num2)
return num1;
else
return num2;
}
double maxNumber(double num1, int num2)
{
if (num1 > num2)
return num1;
else
return num2; Ambiguous invocation is a compilation error.
}
int main()
{
cout << maxNumber(1, 2) << endl;
return 0;
}

80
 Function Declaration(Two Options)
Function Prototype
int max(int num1, int int max(int num1, int
Function Declaration

num2) num2);
{
int result; int main()
if (num1 > num2) {
result = num1; int i = 5;
else int j = 2;
result = num2; int k = max(i, j);
return result; }
}

Function Declaration
int max(int num1, int
int main() num2)
{ {
int i = 5; int result;
int j = 2; if (num1 > num2)
int k = max(i, j); result = num1;
} else
result = num2;
return result; 81
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// Function prototype Can be moved to a separate header

int max(int num1, int num2); file. MyFile.h
double max(double num1, double num2);
Then add:
double max(double num1, double num2, double num3);
#include "MyFile.h"
int main()
{
cout << "The maximum of 3 and 4 is " << max(3, 4) << endl;
cout << "The maximum of 3.0 and 5.4 is " << max(3.0, 5.4) << endl;
cout << "The maximum of 3.0, 5.4, and 10.14 is " << max(3.0, 5.4, 10.14) <<
endl;

return 0;
}

int max(int num1, int num2)

{
…
} Should be moved with the
double max(double num1, double num2) prototypes to MyFile.h
{ or to MyFile.cpp
…
}
double max(double num1, double num2, double num3) Reusing Functions by
{
Different Programs
…
}

82
#include <iostream>
#include "MyFile.h"
using namespace std;

int main()
{
cout << "The maximum of 3 and 4 is " << max(3, 4) << endl;
cout << "The maximum of 3.0 and 5.4 is " << max(3.0, 5.4) << endl;
cout << "The maximum of 3.0, 5.4, and 10.14 is " << max(3.0, 5.4, 10.14) <<
endl;

return 0;
}

83
 Default Arguments
C++ allows you to declare functions with default argument
values. The default values are passed to the parameters
when a function is invoked without the arguments.
void printRectArea(double length, double width = -1)
{
if (width == -1)
width = length; Trailing defaults

cout << "area is " << length * width << endl;

}

int main()
{ Watch out for ambiguity
printRectArea(3, 4); //displays 12 with function overloads
printRectArea(4); //displays 16

return 0;
} 84
 Inline Functions
Functions makes the program easy to read and easy to maintain, but
involve runtime overhead
C++ provides inline functions to avoid function calls.
 Compiler copies the function code in line at the point of each invocation.
 Compiler has the right to ignore this request!

inline void f(int month, int year)

{ int main()
cout <<"month is " << month << endl; {
cout <<"year is " << year << endl; int month = 10, year = 2008;
} cout<<"month is
"<<month<<endl;
int main() cout<<"year is
{ "<<year<<endl;
int month = 10, year = 2008; cout<<"month is "<< 9
f(month, year); <<endl;
f(9, 2010); cout<<"year is "<< 2010
<<endl;
return 0; f(9, 2010);
}
return 0;
} 85
 Scope of Variables
A local variable: a variable defined inside a function.
Scope: o where in the program the variable can be referenced.
o starts from its declaration to the end of the containing
block.
You can declare a local variable with the same name in different blocks.
void function1()
{
⋮
for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++)
{
⋮
int j;
for (j = 10; j > 0; j--)
The scope of i
{
The scope of j
⋮
}
⋮
}
} 86
 Scope of Local Variables,
cont.
It is fine to declare i in two It is not good practice to
non-nesting blocks declare i in two nesting blocks

void function1() void function2()

{ {
int x = 1; int i = 1;
int y = 1; int sum = 0;

for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++)
{ {
x += i; sum += i;
} }

for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) cout << i << endl;

{ cout << sum << endl;
y += i; }
}
}

87
 Global Variables
Global variables:
 Declared outside all functions and are
accessible to all functions in its scope.
 Defaulted to zero if not directly assigned.

88
#include <iostream> A) x is 1
using namespace std; y is 0
void t1(); // Fnc prototype x is 2
void t2(); // Fnc prototype y is 1

B) x is 1
int main()
y is 0
{ x is 2
t1(); y is 2
t2();
return 0; C) x is 1
} y is 0
x is 1
y is 1
int y; // Global variable, default to 0
D) x is 1
void t1() y is 0
{ x is 1
int x = 1; y is 2
cout << "x is " << x << endl << "y is " << y << endl;
x++; y++;
}
void t2()
{
int x = 1;
cout << "x is " << x << endl << "y is " << y << endl;
} 89
 Unary Scope Resolution
A local variable name can be the same as a global
variable name
 Access the global variable using ::globalVariable.
The :: operator is known as the unary scope
resolution operator.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int v1 = 10;

int main()
{
int v1 = 5;
cout << "local variable v1 is " << v1 << endl;
cout << "global variable v1 is " << ::v1 << endl;
return 0;
} 90 90
 Unary Scope Resolution
A local variable name can be the same as a global
variable name
 Access the global variable using ::globalVariable.
The :: operator is known as the unary scope
resolution operator.
#include <iostream>
//using namespace std;

int v1 = 10;

int main()
{
int v1 = 5;
std::cout << "local variable v1 is " << v1 <<
std::endl;
std::cout << "global variable v1 is " << ::v1 <<
std::endl; 91 91
 static Local Variables
static variables:
 Declared inside a function and not destroyed after
the function completes its execution.
 Retains its last value for the next call.
 Defaulted to zero if not directly assigned.

92 92
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; A) x is 1
y is 2
void t1(); // Function prototype x is 1
y is 2
int main()
{ B) x is 2
t1(); y is 2
t1(); x is 3
y is 2
return 0;
} C) x is 2
y is 2
void t1() x is 3
{ WHAT IF y is 3
static int x = 1; static int x;
int y = 1; x = 1; D) x is 2
x++; y is 2
y++; x is 2
cout << "x is " << x << endl; y is 2
cout << "y is " << y << endl;
} 93
 Pass by Value
Write a program for swapping two variables.
void swap(int n1, int n2)
{
int temp = n1;
n1 = n2; The values of the
n2 = temp;
} arguments are not
int main()
changed after the
{ function is invoked.
int num1 = 1;
int num2 = 2;
swap(num1, num2);
cout << "After invoking the swap function, num1 is "
<< num1 << " and num2 is " << num2 << endl;
return 0;
}
After invoking the swap function, num1 is 1 and num2
94 94
Pass by Value, cont.

95 95
 Pass by Reference
Write a program for swapping two variables.
void swap(int&
swap(int n1,
n1,int
int&
n2)
n2)
{
int temp = n1;
n1 = n2;
n2 = temp;
}
int main()
{
int num1 = 1;
int num2 = 2;
swap(num1, num2);
cout << "After invoking the swap function, num1 is "
<< num1 << " and num2 is " << num2 << endl;
return 0;
}
After invoking the swap function, num1 is 2 and num2
96 96
Pass by Reference, cont.

97 97
 Reference Variables Example
int main()
{
int count = 1;
int& r = count;
cout << "count is " << count << endl;
cout << "r is " << r << endl;

r++;
cout << "count is " << count << endl;
cout << "r is " << r << endl;
count is 1
count = 10;
r is 1
cout << "count is " << count << endl;
count is 2
cout << "r is " << r << endl; r is 2
count is 10
return 0; r is 10
}
98 98
 Constant Reference
Parameters
// Return the max between two numbers
int max(const int& num1,
max(int& num1, const int& num2)
int& num2)
{
int result;
if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
else
result = num2;
return result;
}

99
 Usage of Parameter Passing
 Call by reference is appropriate for all
objects that may be changed by the
function
 Call by value is appropriate for small
objects that should not be changed by
the function
 Call by constant reference is
appropriate for large objects that should
not be changed by the function
100 100
 Abstract
Data Types

101

101
 Abstract Data Types (ADT)
 A datatype created by programmers that
specifies
– values that can be stored
– operations that can be done on the values

 User of an ADT does not need to know

the implementation of the data type, e.g.,
how the data is stored

1-102
102
 Enumerated Data Type
A programmer-defined data type that consists of values
known as enumerators, which represent integer constants.
enum Day { SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY,
WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY };
In memory...
SUNDAY = 0
MONDAY = 1
int main() TUESDAY = 2
{ WEDNESDAY =
3
Day day; // Declare THURSDAY = 4
day = MONDAY; // Assign to one of the
values
cout << day; // Prints 1
Day day2 = WEDNESDAY; // Declare and
Assign
if (day2 > MONDAY) { … 103 103
 Enumerated Data Types
C++ allows you to declare an enum and variable in one
statement.

Example:
enum Day { SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY,
WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY} day = MONDAY;

int main()
{
cout << day; // Prints 1
Day day2 = WEDNESDAY;
if (day2 > MONDAY) { …

104 104
 Enumerated Data Types
C++ allows you to declare an enum and variable in one
statement.

Example:
int main()
{
enum Day { SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY,
WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY} day = MONDAY;
cout << day; // Prints 1
Day day2 = FRIDAY;
if (day2 > MONDAY) { …

105 105
 Combining Data into
Structures
 Structure: C++ construct that allows multiple
variables to be grouped together
 General Format:
struct <structName>
{
type1 field1;
type2 field2;
. . .
};

1-106
106
Example struct Declaration
struct Student
{ structure tag

int studentID; structure members

string name;
short intake;
double gpa;
};

1-107
107
 Defining Variables
 struct declaration does not allocate
memory or create variables
 To define variables, use structure tag as
type name: hamdy
Student hamdy; studentID
name
intake
gpa

1-108
108
Accessing Structure Members
 Use the dot (.) operator to refer to members
of struct variables:

cin >> stu1.studentID;

getline(cin,
stu1.name);
stu1.gpa = 3.75;

 Member variables can be used in any manner

appropriate for their data type
1-109
109
Displaying a struct Variable

cout << ayman; // won’t work if ayman

is
// defined as a struct
cout << ayman.studentID << endl;
cout << ayman.name << endl; ✔
cout << ayman.intake << endl;
cout << ayman.gpa << endl;

1-110
110
Comparing struct Variables

if (gehad == stu1) // won’t work

if (gehad.studentID == stu1.studentID) ✔

1-111
111
 Nested Structures
A structure can contain another structure as a
member:
struct PersonInfo
{
string name, address, city;
};

struct Student
{
int studentID;
PersonInfo pData; // structure as a
member
short intake;
double gpa;
};
1-112
112
Members of Nested Structures
 Use the dot operator multiple times to
refer to fields of nested structures:

Student s;
s.pData.name = "Ahmed";
s.pData.city = "Tanta";

1-113
113
 Structures as Function
Arguments
 May pass members of struct variables to
functions: computeGPA(mayar.gpa);

 May pass entire struct variables to functions:

showData(mayar);

 Can be passed by reference

 Functions can return a struct.

1-114
114
 Example
Student getStudentData()
{
Student stu;
cin >> stu.studentID;
getline(cin, stu.pData.name);
getline(cin, stu.pData.address);
getline(cin, stu.pData.city);
cin >> stu.intake;
cin >> stu.gpa;
return stu;
} 1-115
115
 Example
void getStudentData(Student &stu)
{
//Student stu;
cin >> stu.studentID;
getline(cin, stu.pData.name);
getline(cin, stu.pData.address);
getline(cin, stu.pData.city);
cin >> stu.intake;
cin >> stu.gpa;
//return stu;
1-116
116
Random
Numbers

117

117
 Computers
and Random Numbers
 Computers generate random number for everything from
cryptography to video games and gambling
 Random numbers are
– “True” random numbers

https://www.howtogeek.com/183051/htg-explains-how-computers-generate-random-numbers/
118
 Computers
and Random Numbers
 Computers generate random number for everything from
cryptography to video games and gambling
 Random numbers are
– “True” random numbers
– Pseudo-random numbers
 Using a mathematical formula

A pattern of apparently non-related numbers

 Same start-value (seed) to the generator to get the

same sequence results on each run

119
 Random Numbers in C++

 Should include <cstdlib> header file

 Functions provided:
void srand(unsigned int seed);
 Sets the seed for the random number generator

int rand();
 Generates and returns an integer value in the

range 0..RAND_MAX (a constant in cstdlib)

 C++'s random number generator has a period of 232

120
 Random Numbers in C++
To generate pseudo-random numbers in a determined range:

int v1, v2, v3;

v1 = rand() % 100; // v1 in the range 0 to 99
v2 = rand() % (100 + 1);
// v2 in the range 0 to 100
v3 = rand() % 100 + 1; // v3 in the range 1 to 100
v4 = rand() % 30 + 1985;
// v4 in the range 1985-2014

121 121
#include <cstdlib>//required for srand and rand
#include <iostream>
//required for cout and cin
using namespace std;

int main()
{
double avg = 0.0;
int i, minX = 30, maxX = 50;
int randVal, seed;
cout << "Enter seed: ";
cin >> seed;
srand(seed);// usually called only one time to start a sequence

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)

{ // rand() is called each time a pseudo-random number is
randVal = rand() % (maxX - minX + 1) + minX;
needed
cout << randVal << endl;
}
for (i = 0; i < 10000; i++)
{
avg += rand() % (maxX - minX + 1) + minX;
}
avg = avg / 10000;
cout << "Avg of 10000: " << avg << endl;
return (0);
}
122
Enter seed: 12 Enter seed: 1652 Enter seed: 12
42 38 42
46 32 46
40 43 40
41 43 41
40 36 40
43 48 43
32 34 32
38 48 38
31 31 31
42 49 42
Avg of 10000: 39.9971 Avg of 10000: 40.0484 Avg of 10000: 39.9971

Note: Same seed = same sequence = same results

123
 Using Time to Seed the Generator

 If you hard code the seed or allow the user to

enter a seed, simulated randomness is lost
 Most programmers use the “time” function to
seed the generator
– Must include the <time.h> library
 Call function “time()”
– time(NULL)
 Returns the current time from the system

clock expressed in number of seconds

elapsed since 00:00 hours, Jan 1, 1970
UTC
124
#include <cstdlib> //req'd for srand and rand
#include <iostream> //req'd for cout and cin
#include <time.h> //req’d for time
using namespace std;

int main()
{
double avg = 0.0;
int i, minX = 30, maxX = 50;
int randVal, seed;

srand(time(NULL)); // Use the clock to seed the generator

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)

{
randVal = rand() % (maxX - minX + 1) + minX;
cout << randVal << endl;
}
for (i = 0; i < 10000; i++)
{
avg += rand() % (maxX - minX + 1) + minX;
}
avg = avg / 10000;
cout << "Avg of 10000: " << avg << endl;
return (0);
}
125