Data-Types & Operators

(CS 1002)

Dr. Muhammad Aleem,

Department of Computer Science,

National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences,
Islamabad Campus
 Constants (named)
• Named constants are declared and referenced by
identifiers:
const int MAX_MARKS = 100;
const string UNIVERSITY = “FAST";
const double PI = 3.141592654;
const char TAB = '\t';

• Constants must be initialized in their declaration

• No further assignment possible within program

 C++ Standard Constants

#include <climits> //integer constants defined here

INT_MIN INT_MAX Lower and upper bounds for
LONG_MIN LONG_MAX Integer types.

#include <cfloat> // float constants defined here

Lower and upper bounds for
FLT_MIN FLT_MAX
DBL_MIN DBL_MAX Decimal types.
 Types
• C++ provides a set of types
– E.g. bool, char, int, double called “built-in types”

• C++ programmers can define new types

– Called “user-defined types”

• The C++ standard library provides a set of types

– E.g. string, vector, ..
– (for vector type à #include<vector> )
 Data Types
Three basic PRE-DEFINED data types:
1. To store whole numbers
– int, long int, short int, unsigned int

2. To store real numbers

– float, double

3. Characters
– char
 Types and Literals
• Built-in types Literals
– Boolean type • Boolean: true, false
• bool
– Character types • Character literals
• char – 'a', 'x', '4', '\n', '$'
– Integer types
• int • Integer literals
– and short and long – 0, 1, 123, -6,
– Floating-point types
• double • Floating point literals
– and float – 1.2, 13.345, 0.3, -0.54,

• Standard-library types • String literals

– string – "asdf”, “Hello”, “Pakistan”
 Declaration and initialization
int a = 7; 7

int b = 9; 9

char c = 'a'; a

double x = 1.2; 1.2

string s1 = "Hello, world"; Hello, world

string s2 = "1.2"; 1.2

 char type
• Reserves 8 bits or 1 byte of memory
• A char variable may represent:
– ASCII character 'A‘, 'a‘, '1‘, '4‘, '*‘
– signed integers 127 to -128 (Default)
– unsigned integer in range 255 to 0

Examples:
– char grade;
– unsigned char WeekNumber= 200;
– char cGradeA = 65;
– char cGradeAA = ‘A';
 char type
• Example program…
 Special characters
• Text string special characters (Escape Sequences)
– \n = newline
– \r = carriage return
– \t = tab
– \" = double quote
– \? = question
– \\ = backslash
– \' = single quote

• Examples:
cout << "Hello\t" << "I\’m Ali\n";
cout << "123\nabc “;
 Escape Sequence
• Example Program:
 int type
32 bits (4 bytes) on Win32 /Linux 32-bit system
– int -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
– unsigned int 0 to 4,294,967,295

• Examples:
int earth_diameter;
int seconds_in_week= 604800;
unsigned int Height = 100;
unsigned int Width = 50000;
 int type (long and short)
• long int
– reserves 64 bits (8 bytes) of memory
– signed long -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
– unsigned long int 0 to 4,294,967,295

• short int
– reserves 16 bits (2 bytes) of memory
– signed short int -32,768 to 32,767
– unsigned short int 0 to 65,535
 int (long and short)
• Examples:
long int light_speed=186000;
unsigned long int seconds= 604800;
short int Height = 30432;
unsigned short int Width = 50000;
Check Bytes in Memory – Whole Numbers
• Check how many bytes following types occupy in
memory:
int
short
long int
short int
char
• Use ( cout << sizeof( intVar ); ) operator to get
this information, Example:…
 Real Values
• float
– Reserves 32 bits (4 bytes) of memory
+38
– + 1.180000x10 , 7-digit precision
– Example: float radius= 33.4221;

• double
– Reserves 64 bits (8 bytes) of memory
+308
– + 1.79000000000000x10 , 15-digit precision
– Example: double Distance = 257.5434342;

• long double
– Reserves 128 bits (16 bytes) of memory , 18-digit precision
– Example: long double EarthMass = 25343427.53434233;
 Check Bytes in Memory – Real Numbers
• get information for following data types:
float
double
long double

• Use ( cout << sizeof(floatVar); ) operator to get

this information, Example:…
 bool Type
• Only 1 bit of memory required
– Generally, 1 byte is reserved
• Literal values:
– true
– false

• Can be used in logical conditions:

– Examples:
bool RainToday=false;
bool passed;
passed = GetResult(80);
 string type
• Special data type supports working with “strings”
#include <string>

string <variable_name> = “string literal”;

• string type variables in programs:

string firstName, lastName;

• Using with assignment operator:

firstName = “Umer"; lastName
= “Arshad";

• Display using cout

cout << firstName << " " << lastName;
 Working with Characters and String Objects

• char: holds a single character

• string: holds a sequence of characters
• Both can be used in assignment statements
• Both can be displayed with cout and <<
 Other Input Functions
• >> operator DOES NOT read WHITESPACE
– Skips or stops on space, tab, end-of-line,
– Skips over leading white space;
– Stops on trailing white space.

• To read any single char V (incl. whitespace)

– cin.get(V)
 Character Input
• To skip input characters:
cin.ignore( ); // one character.
cin.ignore(n); // n characters.

Reading in a character
char ch;
cin >> ch; // Reads in any non-blank char
cin.get(ch); // Reads in any char
cin.ignore(); // Skips over next char in
// the input buffer
 Cin.ignore Example
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int empID=-1;
string empName="";
int empSalary=-1;

cout<<"\nEnter employee ID:";

cin>>empID;
cin.ignore(1000,'\n');

cout<<"\nEnter employee Name:";

cin>>empName;
//getline(cin,empName,'$');
//cin.ignore(1000,'\n');

cout<<"\nEnter Employee Salary:";

cin>>empSalary;
//cin.ignore(1000,'\n');

cout<<endl;
cout<<"\n=========== Data Entered by the User ================";
cout<<"\nEmployee ID:"<<empID;
cout<<"\nEmployee Name:"<<empName;
cout<<"\nEmployee Salary:"<<empSalary;
cout<<endl;
return 0;
}
Operators
 Arithmetic Operators
• Used for performing numeric calculations

• C++ has unary, binary, and ternary operators

• unary (1 operand) -5
• binary (2 operands) 13 - 7
• ternary (3 operands) exp1 ? exp2 : exp3
 Binary Arithmetic Operators
Name Meaning Example Result

+ Addition 34 + 1 35

- Subtraction 34.0 – 0.1 33.9

* Multiplication 300 * 30 9000

/ Division 1.0 / 2.0 0.5

% Remainder 20 % 3 2

Remainder operator is also known as modulus operator

 Integer and Real Division
float result = 5 / 2; // è result equal to 2

float result = 5.0 / 2; // è result equal to 2.5

Ø If any of the operand is a real value (float or

double) the division will be performed as “Real
Division”
 Remainder/Modulus operator
• Operands of modulus operator must be integers
Ø 34 % 5 (valid, result à 4)
Ø -34 % 5 (valid, result à -4)
Ø 34 % -5 (valid, result à 4)
Ø -34 % -5 (valid, result à -4)

NOTE: 34 % 1.2 is an Error

 Arithmetic Expressions
• Convert following expression into C++ code

3 + 4x - 10( y - 5)(a + b + c) + 9( 4 + 9 + x )
result =
5 x x y

is translated to:

result = (3+4*x)/5 – (10*(y-5)*(a+b+c))/x + 9*(4/x + (9+x)/y)

 Example: Converting Temperatures
- Write a program that converts a Fahrenheit to
Celsius using the formula:

celsius = ( 59 )( fahrenheit - 32)

 Multiple Assignment
• The assignment operator (=) can be used more than
1 time in an expression
x = y = z = 5;

• Associates right to left

x = (y = (z = 5));
Done Done Done
3rd 2nd 1st
 Combined Assignment
• Also consider it “arithmetic” assignment
• Updates a variable by applying an arithmetic
operation to a variable
• Operators: += -= *= /= %=

• Example:
sum += amt; is short for sum = sum + amt;
p += 3 + y; means p = p +(3+y);
 More Examples
x += 5; means x = x + 5;
x -= 5; means x = x – 5;
x *= 5; means x = x * 5;
x /= 5; means x = x / 5;
x %= 5; means x = x % 5;

RULE: The right hand side is evaluated first, then the

combined assignment operation is done.
x *= a + b; means x = x * (a + b);
 Increment and Decrement Operators
Operator Name Description
++var pre-increment The expression (++var) increments var by 1 and
evaluates to the new value in var after the increment.

var++ post-increment The expression (var++) evaluates to the original value

in var and increments var by 1.

--var pre-decrement The expression (--var) decrements var by 1 and

evaluates to the new value in var after the decrement.

var-- post-decrement The expression (var--) evaluates to the original value

in var and decrements var by 1.
Increment and Decrement Operators
Evaluate the followings:

int val = 10;

int result = 10 * val++;
cout<<val<<“ “<<result;

int val = 10;

int result = 10 * ++val;
cout<<val<<“ “<<result;
Increment and Decrement Operators
• Output of the following code:

int x = 5, y = 5, z;
x = ++x;
y = --y;
z = x++ + y--;
cout << z;
Increment and Decrement Operators
• Output of the following code:

int num1 = 5;
int num2 = 3;
int num3 = 2;
num1 = num2++;
num2 = --num3;
cout << num1 << num2 << num3 <<endl;
 Examples…
int a=1;
int b;
b = ++a * ++a;
cout<<a: "<<a<<", b: "<<b; cout<<endl;

a=1; b = a++ * a++;

cout<<"a: "<<a<<", b: "<<b; cout<<endl;

a=1; b = ++a * a++;

Cout<<"a: "<<a<<", b: "<<b; cout<<endl;

a=1; b = a++ * ++a;

cout<<"a: "<<a<<", b: "<<b; cout<<endl;
 Examples…
When we have three operands it is evaluated as two at a time:
EXAMPLE: ++a + ++a + ++a; è ((++a + ++a) + ++a)

a=1; b = ++a + ++a + ++a;

cout<<"++a + ++a + ++a = "<<"a: "<<a<<", b: "<<b<<endl;a=1;

b = a++ + a++ + a++;

cout<<"a++ + a++ + a++ = "<<"a: "<<a<<", b: "<<b<<endl;a=1;

b = ++a + a++ + a++;

cout<<"++a + a++ + a++ = "<<"a: "<<a<<", b: "<<b<<endl;a=1;

b = a++ + ++a + ++a;

cout<<"a++ + ++a + ++a = "<<"a: "<<a<<", b: "<<b<<endl;a=1;

b = a++ + a++ + ++a;

cout<<"a++ + a++ + ++a = "<<"a: "<<a<<", b: "<<b<<endl;a=1;
Type Casting
 Type Coercion
• Coercion: automatic conversion of an operand to
another data type

• Promotion: converts to a higher type

float p; p = 7; è 7 (int) converted to float 7.0

• Demotion: converts to a lower type

int q; q = 3.5; è 3.5 (float) converted to int 3
 Coercion Rules
1) char, short, unsigned short are automatically
promoted to int

2) When operating on values of different data types, the

lower one is promoted to the type of the higher one.

3) For the assignment operator = the type of expression

on right will be converted to the type of variable on left
 Typecasting
• A mechanism by which we can change the data
type of a variable (no matter how it was originally
defined)

• Two ways:
1. Implicit type casting (done by compiler)
2. Explicit type casting (done by programmer)
 Implicit type casting
• As seen in previous examples:

void main( )
{
char c = 'a';
float f = 5.0;
float d = c + f;
cout<<d<<“ “<<sizeof(d)<<endl;
cout<<sizeof(c+f);
}
 Numeric Type Conversion
Consider the following statements:

short i = 10;
long k = i * 3 + 4;
double d = i * 3.1 + k / 2;
cout<<d;
 Type Conversion Rules
Auto Conversion of Types in C++
1. If one of the operands is long double, the other is converted
into long double
2. Otherwise, if one of the operands is double, the other is
converted into double.
3. Otherwise, if one of the operands is unsigned long, the other
is converted into unsigned long.
4. Otherwise, if one of the operands is long, the other is
converted blong.
5. Otherwise, if one of the operands is unsigned int, the other is
converted into unsigned int.
6. Otherwise, both operands are converted into int.
Implicit Type Conversion in C++
 Overflow and Underflow
• When a variable is assigned a value that is too
large or too small in range:
– Overflow
– Underflow

– After overflows/underflow values wrap around the

maximum or minimum value of the type
 Example
// testVar is initialized with the maximum value for a short.
short int testVar = 32767;

// Display testVar.
cout <<"\nOrignal value: "<<testVar <<endl;

// Add 1 to testVar to make it overflow.

testVar = testVar + 1;
cout <<"\nValue Overflow +1: "<<testVar << endl;

// Subtract 1 from testVar to make it underflow.

testVar = testVar - 1;
cout <<"\nValue underflow -1: "<<testVar << endl;
 Explicit type casting
• Explicit casting performed by programmer. It is
performed by using cast operator
float a=5.0, b=2.1;
int c = a%b; // à ERROR

• Three Styles
int c = (int) a % (int) b; //C-style cast
int c = int(a) % int(b); // Functional notation
int c = static_cast<int>(a) % static_cast<int>(b);
cout<<c;
 Explicit Type Casting
- Casting does not change the variable being cast.

For example, d is not changed after casting in the

following code:

double d = 4.5;
int j = (int) d; //C-type casting
int i = static_cast<int>(d); // d is not changed
cout<<j<<“ “<<d;
Explicit Type Casting - Example
 Widening type casting
• A "widening" cast is a cast from one type to
another, where the "destination" type has a larger
range or precision than the "source“

Example:
int i = 4;
double d = i;
 Narrowing type casting
• A “narrowing" cast is a cast from one type to
another, where the "destination" type has a
smaller range or precision than the "source“

Example:
double d = 787994.5;
int j = (int) d;

// or

int i = static_cast<int>(d);
 Casting between char and Numeric Types

int i = 'a'; // Same as int i = (int) 'a';

char c = 97; // Same as char c = (char)97;

 Using ++, -- on “char” type
- The increment and decrement operators can also
be applied on char type variables:

-Example:
char ch = 'a';
cout << ++ch;
 int to string Conversion
-- Cstyle (we will study in pointers topic)
-- C++ style:
-#include<sstream>

-void main() {
-int val=0;
-stringstream ss;
-cout<<“Enter Value: “; cin>>val;
-ss << val; //Using stream insertion op.
string str_val= ss.str();
cout<<“\n Output string is: “<<str_val;
}
 Equality and Relational Operators
• Equality Operators:
Operator Example Meaning
== x == y x is equal to y
!= x != y x is not equal to y

• Relational Operators:
Operator Example Meaning
> x>y x is greater than y
< x<y x is less than y
>= x >= y x is greater than or equal to y
<= x <= y x is less than or equal to y
 Logical Operators
• Logical operators are useful when we want to test
multiple conditions

• Three types:
1. boolean AND
2. boolean OR
3. boolean NOT
 Boolean AND or logical AND
• Symbol: &&

• All the conditions must be true for the whole

expression to be true

– Example:
if ( (a == 10) && (b == 10) && (d == 10) )
cout<<“a, b, and d are all equel to 10”;
 Boolean OR / Logical OR
• Symbol: ||

• ANY condition is sufficient to be true for the

whole expression to be true

– Example:
if (a == 10 || b == 9 || d == 1)
// do something
 Boolean NOT/ Logical NOT
• Symbol: !

• Reverses the meaning of the condition (makes a

true condition false, OR a false condition true)

– Example:
if ( ! (marks > 90) )
// do something
 Bitwise Operators (integers)
• Bitwise "and" operator &
• Bitwise "or" operator |
• Bitwise "exclusive or" operator ^
– (0 on same bits, 1 on different bits)
• Bitwise "ones complement" operator ~
• Shift left <<
• Shift right >>
66
 Bitwise Operators (Example)
int i = 880; è 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
int j = 453; è 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
i & j (320) 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
i | j (1013) 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
i ^ j (693) 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
~j (-454) 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
i = i<<1; (736) 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 unsigned
int
i = i>>1; (440) 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
 Mathematical Expressions
• An expression can be a constant, a variable, or a
combination of constants and variables combined
with operators

• Can create complex expressions using multiple

mathematical operators:
2
height
a + b / c
 Using Mathematical Expressions
• Can be used in assignment statements, with
cout, and in other types of statements
• Examples: This is an
expression
area = 2 * PI * radius;
cout << "border is: " << (2*(l+w));

These are
expressions
Precedence Rules
 Order of Operations
• In an expression with more than one operator,
evaluate in this order

• In the expression 2 + 2 * 2 – 2
Evaluate Evaluate Evaluate
2nd 1st 3rd
 Associativity of Operators
• Implied grouping/parentheses
Example: - (unary negation) associates right to left

-5 è -5;
--5 è - (-5) è 5;
---5 = -(-(-5)) = - (+5) è -5
 Associativity of Operators
• * / % + - all associate left to right
3 + 2 + 4 + 1 = (3 + 2) + 4 + 1 = ((3+2)+4)+1 =(((3+2)+4) + 1)

• parentheses ( ) can be used to override the order of

operations
2 + 2 * 2 – 2 = 4
(2 + 2) * 2 – 2 = 6
2 + 2 * (2 – 2) = 2
(2 + 2) * (2 – 2) = 0
 Algebraic Expressions
• Multiplication requires an operator
Area = lw is written as Area = l * w;
• There is no exponentiation operator
Area = s2 is written as Area = pow(s, 2);
(note: pow requires the cmath header file) OR
Area = s*s;

• Parentheses may be needed to maintain order of

operations
y 2 - y 1 is written as: m = (y2-y1)/(x2-x1);
m=
x 2 - x1
Precedence Rules – Example 1
6 + 2 * 3 - 4 / 2
6 + 6 - 4 / 2
6 +6 - 2
12 - 2
10
Precedence Rules – Example 2
3 * 4 / 2 + 3 - 1
12 / 2 + 3 - 1
6 +3 - 1
9 - 1
8
 Precedence Rules – Example 3
8 * 3 / 2 + 3 - 1 8 / 3 * 2 + 3 - 1
24 / 2 + 3 - 1 2 * 2 + 3 - 1
12 + 3 - 1 4 + 3 - 1
15 - 1 7 - 1
14 6
 Precedence Rules (overriding)
• For example: x = 3 * a - ++b % 3;

• If we intend to have the statement evaluated

differently from the way specified by the
precedence rules, we need to specify it using
parentheses ( )

• Using parenthesis:
x = 3 * ((a - ++b)%3);
Any Questions!