Unit 5:

Energy Conversion

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 Lesson 5.1
Energy Storage Molecules

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Do now:
(you have 2 minutes)

1. What are the energy transformation

organelles?
2. Which process occurs in each?

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Energy Conversion Pathways
• Photosynthesis
• Converts light energy into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates
• Performed by autotrophs
• Autotroph - Organism that makes its own food
• Autotrophs perform a process called carbon fixation
• Converting gaseous inorganic carbon in CO2 into solid organic
carbon that can be used for energy
• Cellular Respiration
• Converts the energy stored in carbohydrates into energy stored in
ATP
• Performed by autotrophs and heterotrophs
• Heterotroph - Organisms that obtain energy from food they
consume 4
Energy Conversion in Organisms

• _____________________-Organism that makes its own food

• ______________________-Organisms that obtain energy from
food they consume

• Food=__________________________
• CHO ratio=___________
• Energy Storage

• Autotrophs performs carbon fixation during photosynthesis

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Energy Storage Molecules

Fats
Energy storage
Amount of molecule most
energy stored Carbohydrates readily used by the
per molecule cell

ATP

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Glucose versus ATP
Glucose
• Energy storage carbohydrate
• Contains approximately 686 kcal of energy
• One molecule contains too much energy for cellular processes
ATP
• Energy storage molecule
• Contains approximately 7.3 kcal of energy

Glucose is like having gold—might be worth more BUT most stores wouldn’t
accept it…
ATP is like having cash; it is cellular energy molecule that contains less
energy than glucose but it can be used for most cellular activities
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ATP Structure
Adenosine Triphosphate
RNA nucleotide
Produced in cellular respiration
ATP consists of:
• adenine
• ribose (a 5-carbon sugar)
• 3 phosphate groups

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ATP
Energy is stored in its bonds.

Hydrolysis: The removal of a phosphate group from ATP

Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine diphosphate

A P P P + Water  A P P + Pi

+ ENERGY

Energy is released in this reaction.

Cells use this energy to perform functions like _________ transport across
cell membranes. 9
ATP
Phosphorylation: The addition of a phosphate group to ADP

Adenosine diphosphate Adenosine triphosphate

A P P + Pi  A P P P + Water

+ ENERGY

Energy is stored in this reaction.

Cells store this energy to be used to fuel future cellular processes.

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ATP Structure

• Covalent bonds

• Each of these oxygens has a negative charge

• Repel each other
• Repel the electron participating in this bond
• Electron is in a high energy state

• During hydrolysis, released energy comes from the electron being able
to go to a lower energy state. 11
 Using Biological Energy
• ATP is a ready energy source, but not good for long term storage of
energy.
• The production of ATP conserves 34% of the energy from glucose.
• Approximately 66% of the energy stored in glucose is released as heat.
• ATP molecules store less energy than glucose, but it is a more readily
used energy
• Most cells have only a small amount of ATP at any given time.
• Cells continually make ATP from ADP as needed by using the energy in
foods like glucose.
• A working muscle cell recycles its entire pool of ATP in less than 1 minute.
• 10 million molecules of ATP consumed and regenerated per second per
cell
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ATP Cycle

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What ATP is Used For…
• Three types of cellular work:
• Chemical Work
• Metabolism – The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions
• Catabolism – Chemical reactions that break down molecules
• Digestion, Hydrolysis reactions
• Cellular Respiration
• Anabolism – Chemical reactions that build complicated molecules from simpler ones
• Polymerization, Dehydration reactions
• Photosynthesis
• Cell Transport
• Example: Ion pumps
• Mechanical Work
• Movement
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Energy Reminder…
There are multiple types of energy.
• We are concerned with light energy, chemical energy and heat energy.
• The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be transferred
and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed
• Example: Mitochondria convert energy; they do NOT produce energy

2020-2021 Foulds | Biology 8 15

NAD+ / NADH
• Another energy storage molecule is
NADH.
• NAD+ can pick up two high energy
electrons
• NAD+ + 2e- + H+  NADH
• NADH can drop off these electrons and go
back to being NAD+
• Acts like a rechargeable battery:
• NAD+ = empty battery ready to receive 2
high energy electrons in cellular
respiration
• NADH = full battery carrying 2 high
energy electrons to the electron transport
chain

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 LOSING
• Oxidation – loss of electrons
• Reduction – gain electrons E LECTRONS

O XIDATION

OIL RIG the lion says

G
X I L E I G
I S O D S A AINING
D S U I
A
T
I
S C
T
I
N
E LECTRONS

O
N
O
N R EDUCTION

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