4.
1 Chemical Energy and ATP
CHEMICAL ENERGY AND ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. WHAT IS AN ATP?
2. WHAT IS THE USE OF AN ATP?
3. HOW DO WE FORM AN ATP?
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
KEY CONCEPT
The cells of all organisms need chemical energy to carry
out their life sustaining processes.
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
What do the cells need chemical energy for?
•To move
•To reproduce
•To grow
•To actively transport materials across the cell
membrane
(Ex. Endocytosis, exocytosis, sodium-potassium
pumps)
•To carry out chemical reactions –Activation Energy
Ex. Photosynthesis, respiration , All metabolism
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Energy is stored in Food Molecules
•Chemical E is stored in the organic molecules
found in food.
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• Carbohydrates and lipid molecules are the most
important energy containing molecules in foods
we eat.
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
1. AUTOTROPHS –
MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD MOLECULES
USING ENERGY AND CARBON DIOXIDE
(CO2) gas FROM THE ENVIRONMENT
*
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
2 Groups of Autotrophs
• Photoautotrophs • Chemoautotrophs
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Photoautotroph – use light E to make
their food through Photosynthesis
CyanoBacteria Protists (Algae) Plants
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Chemoautotrophs use chemical E
to make their food through
Chemosynthesis
Ex. Archaebacteria
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Autotrophs make the
organic compounds that serve as
food for themselves and all other
organisms on Earth
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
2. Heterotrophs –
Organisms that eat other organisms (or
their products) to obtain energy and
carbon compounds
• Animals
• Fungus
• Some Protists
• Most Bacteria
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Are We Autotrophs or Heterotrophs?
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Autotroph or Heterotroph?
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
but it can be changed from one form to
another
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Energy Transformations that
Support Life
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Two processes are needed to
convert the sun’s light energy into
chemical energy the cell can use.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
and
CELL RESPIRATION
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
In photosynthesis, sunlight E is transformed
into chemical E stored in food molecules
Starch
Glucose
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
In cell respiration, the chemical E stored in
food molecules is released and repackaged
into high energy molecules called ATP the
cells can use.
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
What happens to the E released from
food in cellular respiration?
It is used to make high energy
molecules called
ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
What is ATP?
ATP stands for the molecule
Adenosine Triphosphate
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• ATP is a high energy containing molecule used
by all cells to carry out cellular functions..
• Sodium-Potassium Pump
• Muscle contraction
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
ATP – ADP
adenosine triphosphate
ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate
adenosine diphosphate
ADP – Adenosine Diphosphate
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
The ATP – ADP cycle
ATP –High energy molecule ADP –Low energy molecule
phosphate removed
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• When ATP loses a phosphate molecule it gives
off E and becomes ADP.
• The E given off is used to power chemical
reactions in the cell
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• When ADP gains E and a phosphate molecule,
it becomes “recharged” to form ATP.
• The E source to “recharge” ADP comes from
the breakdown of food through respiration.
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• This process is called the
ATP – ADP Cycle
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Removing a Phosphate - Release Energy “use the battery”
ATP Energy + P + ADP
Adding a Phosphate – Stores Energy “recharge battery”
ADP + Energy + P ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
This is constantly occuring in every
cell of your body, millions of times
a minute!
• The E given off is used to power every
chemical reaction occuring in the cell
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
ATP to ADP
Recharging your body’s batteries
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Where does ATP come from?
• ATP comes indirectly from the food that we
eat.
• Molecules of carbohydrates (glucose) and
lipids are broken down through the process of
cellular respiration to produce ATP.
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
An ATP Molecule is composed of the following:
•A Nitrogenous Base – Adenine
•A Sugar – Ribose
•Three phosphate groups
4.1 Chemical
13.1 Ecologists
Energy
Studyand
Relationships
ATP
ATP-ADP Cycle
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
ATP-ADP Cycle
• Transformation of Energy
– Energy is the ability to do work.
– Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and transformation
of energy in the universe.
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
ATP-ADP Cycle
• Laws of Thermodynamics
– First law - Energy can be converted from one form to another,
but it cannot be created nor destroyed.
– Second law - Energy cannot be converted without the loss of
usable energy.
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
ATP-ADP Cycle
• ATP – ADP Cycle
– ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) transfers energy from the
breakdown of food molecules to cell functions
– Energy is released when a phosphate group (Pi) is removed
– ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) is changed into ATP when a
phosphate group (Pi) is added
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
ATP-ADP Cycle
• ATP – ADP Cycle
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
ATP-ADP Cycle
• Carbohydrates
– Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down
to make ATP.
– not stored in large amounts
– up to 36 ATP from one glucose molecule
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
ATP-ADP Cycle
• Lipids
– Lipids store the most energy.
– 80 percent of the energy in your body
– About 146 ATP from a triglyceride
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
ATP-ADP Cycle
• Proteins
– Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP.
– amino acids not usually needed for energy
– about the same amount of energy as a carbohydrate
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
ATP-ADP Cycle
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Chemical Structure of ATP
Adenine Base
3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
How Do We Get Energy From ATP?
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
ADP-ATP Cycle
• Cells break phosphate bonds between the last
two phosphate groups in a molecule of ATP as
needed to supply energy for most cellular
functions, when this happens a molecule of
ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a
phosphate become available for reuse.
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
ADP-ATP Cycle
When any of the phosphate bonds are broken or
formed, energy is involved.
• Energy is released each time a phosphate is
removed from the molecule.
• Energy is stored each time a phosphate
attaches to the molecule.
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
ADP-ATP Cycle
• To constantly supply the cell with energy, the
ADP is recycled, creating more ATP which
carries much more energy than ADP.
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Steps in the ADP-ATP Cycle
• To supply cells with energy, a “high energy”
bond in ATP is broken. ADP is formed and a
phosphate is released back into the
cytoplasm.
ATP ADP + phosphate + energy
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Steps in the ADP-ATP Cycle
• As the cell requires more energy, ADP
becomes ATP when a free phosphate
attaches to the ADP molecule. Then energy
needed to create an ATP molecule is much
less than the amount of energy produced
when the bond is broken.
ADP + phosphate + energy ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
How is the bond broken?
HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O)
Assisted by the enzyme ATPase.
H 2O
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
How Does That Happen?
An
Enzyme!
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
The ADP-ATP Cycle
ATP
ATP-ase Synthetase
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
How is ATP Re-Made?
The reverse of the previous process
occurs.
Another Enzyme is
used!
ATP Synthase
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
APPLICATION: EXPLAIN THE DIAGRAM
phosphate removed
