Centre for Engineering Education
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Workshop on Effective Implementation of Student-
Centered Learning Techniques, Part 2:
Developing Learning Teams using
Cooperative Learning
Khairiyah Mohd Yusof, PhD
Syed Ahmad Helmi, PhD
Centre for Engineering Education
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
© 2016 Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Centre for Engineering Education
[Link]
Workshop Learning Outcomes
• explain the 5 principles of cooperative learning and
how to achieve them
• form and support development of learning teams in
classrooms
• explain a formal cooperative learning structure for
supporting students to learn in a team
• design and plan learning environments that develop
team working skills among students
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Centre for Engineering Education
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What do you remember from the workshop on Active Learning?
Course Design and Delivery to Address OBE
(Activity 1.1 pg 2)
Program Assessment
(Program objectives, program
outcomes, outcome indicators)
Core Core
course course
Core Core
course Learning course
outcomes
Core
course
Instruction Assessment
(Felder & Brent, 2000)
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The Grand Challenges in Engineering [Link]
Education in the 21st Century (pg 3)
Global Sustainability Destruction of forests, wetlands, and
other natural habitats
Global warming
Ballooning global population
Energy Unsustainable fossil fuel
Sustainable energy technologies
Alternative energy technologies
Energy infrastructure
Global Poverty and Green revolution
Health 1/6 population - extreme poverty
Globalization
Infrastructure Aging infrastructure
Urbanization
Manufacturing to knowledge services
Systems integration
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The Future Engineers and Engineering Education
(pg 4 & 5)
Characteristics Future Eng. Education
• Analytical skills • Faculty-centered to learner-
• Practical ingenuity centered
• Creativity • Discovery-based or
• Communication constructivist learning
• Leadership • Systems perspective
• Team working • Avoid content orientation
• Professionalism • Learn how to learn
• Dynamic, agility, resilience and • inquiry-based scientific
flexible methods
• Lifelong learners • team-based PS processes
• Function in global economy • Prepare engineers into the
• Principles of business and global economy
management
• Ethics
The Industry View (Spinks, 2006)
Engineering for a Changing World: A Roadmap to the Future of
Engineering Practice, Research and Education (Duderstadt, 2008).
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Mismatches between LO’s and T&L
activities
• “Students will learn to work effectively in
groups, to manage teamwork, and to
resolve difficulties and differences”
– The already able did well; the less able did
poorly, and only developed incidentally
(John Cowan, 2008)
Centre for Engineering Education
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Please take about 3 minutes to read the article
given and look for the answers to the two questions.
Pg 6
Then, turn to the person next to you and discuss the
answers. (2 minutes)
What is Cooperative Learning?
Is there a difference
between CL and group-
based learning?
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What is a Team?
A team is a small number of people with complementary
skills who are committed to a common purpose,
performance goals, and approach for which they hold
themselves mutually accountable.
– SMALL NUMBER
– COMPLEMENTARY SKILLS
– COMMON PURPOSE & PERFORMANCE GOALS
– COMMON APPROACH
– MUTUAL ACCOUNTABILITY
--Katzenbach & Smith (1993)
The Wisdom of Teams
Centre for Engineering Education
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Part of a student’s meta-reflection
(Activity 1.7, pg 7)
• My best experience in team working was in this class. I can feel the
strength of team work by working with my team. But, one thing I
confused. Is it cooperative level in team work performance will achieve
if just one member do the best? Here, I want to make a comparison
with my * team and ** class team that I have in this semester that have
a big project.
* Team ** team
know what her/his task well and doesn’t know what to do (because doesn’t want
also help others to know) and doesn’t help others
finish task on time always delay due time for individual task
everyone play their role well everyone doesn’t want to lead (also project
manager)
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Meta reflection (cont’d)
• In * Team and ** team, I gave same effort that I want to give the
very best work at the end. But, output that I got at last not the
same. Here, a conclusion that I can make is a good team need to
have all team members effort not just one person. The
performance of team members not depend on how great
her/him but how much they put effort to help themselves and
others. If so, the one person is lastly very exhausted of tiredness
and frustration.
Principles of Cooperative Learning
Individual
Accountability Face to Face
Interaction
Positive Cooperative
Interdependence
Learning
Appropriate
Interpersonal Skills
Regular
Grp Function
Assessment
Coping with change – understanding students’ resistance
New Higher Level
of Performance
Stages in a Change
Process
8 Integration
Performance
Current Level 2 Denial 7 Better
comprehensio
1 Shock n
3 Strong emotion,
(depressed, panic,
regret, guilt, anger, 6 Struggle
rebel). (internalize
new reality)
5 Acceptance,
4 Resistance hope
to return to
routine
Time
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Add scaffolding to support student learning
Assisted level 2
ZPD 2
Assisted level 1
Zone of
Proximal
Development
(ZPD)
Individual level
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Cooperative Learning Structures
1 2 3
Informal Formal Cooperative
Formal long-term base groups
Ad-hoc groups
groups ranging from - Formal
perform structured
one class to one support groups
active learning
semester– may – from one
activities
perform longer semester until
structured activities students
graduate
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INFORMAL CL STRUCTURES
• Used to focus:
– student attention on the material to be
learned,
– set a mood conducive to learning,
– help organize in advance the material to
be covered in a class session,
– ensure that students cognitively process
the material being taught, and
– provide closure to an instructional session.
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INFORMAL CL ACTIVITIES
1. Brainstorming* 11. TAPPS (Thinking Aloud Pair
2. Focused Listing* Problem-Solving)
3. Opening Question* 12. Pair Composition
4. Introductory Focused 13. Pair Testing
Discussion Pairs* 14. Individual & Pair Testing
5. Cooperative Note Taking
15. Question and Answer Pairs
Pairs
16. Read & Explain Pairs
6. Reflection
7. In-Class Teams 17. Turn to Neighbour
Summaries
8. Think Pair Share
18. Two-Minute Paper**
9. Note Checking
10. Guided Reciprocal Peer 19. One Final Question**
Questioning 20. Closure Review Pairs**
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Challenges and rewards of informal CL
On your own in 1 minute, please list in two
different columns the challenges and
rewards/successes in your implementation of
informal CL.
Please share with the person next to you
(2 minutes)
Implementing informal CL
Challenges Reward
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FORMAL CL
An extension of informal CL
gain the benefits of CL throughout the course.
Can be used in content intensive classes where the mastery of
conceptual or procedural material is essential
easier to start in laboratory sections or design project courses.
very successful in helping students to:
master complex course material
solve problems
reach consensual decisions
support each other through difficult learning experiences.
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Centre for Engineering Education
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This workshop will focus on
developing learning TEAMS
using the principles of
Cooperative Learning (CL).
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