Structure of C Program
A C program basically consists of the following parts:
• Preprocessor Commands
• Functions
• Variables
• Statements & Expressions
• Comments
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Structure of C Program
Preprocessor Commands
Main Function
Comment
Library Function
End of Program
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Preprocessor Commands
These commands tells the compiler to do preprocessing before doing
actual compilation.
Like #include <stdio.h> is a preprocessor command which tells a C
compiler to include stdio.h file before going to actual compilation.
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Functions
Functions are main building blocks of any C Program.
Every C Program will have one or more functions and there is one
mandatory function which is called main() function.
The C Programming language provides a set of built-in functions.
In the above example printf() is a C built-in function which is used to print
anything on the screen.
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Comments
Comments are used to give additional useful information inside a C
Program.
All the comments will be put inside /*...*/ as given in the example above.
A comment can span through multiple lines.
/* comment for multiple line */
// single line comment
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Variable and Variable Declaration
• Variable is a named memory location that can hold various values.
• All variables must be declared before they can be used.
• When we declare a variable, we tell the compiler what type of
variable is being used.
• A declaration associates a group of variables with a specific data
type.
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Structure of C Program
Preprocessor Commands
Main Function
Comment
Library Function
End of Program
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C’s Basic Data Type
Type Keyword format Memory
Specifier Requirements
Character data char %c 1 Byte
Signed whole numbers int %d 2 or 4 Byte
Floating-point numbers float %f 4 Byte
Double-precision floating- double %lf 8 Byte
point number
valueless void ---
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How to Declare Variables
• To declare a variable, use this general form:
type var-name;
• In C, a variable declaration is a statement and
it must end in a semicolon (;).
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Variable
• Variables consist of letters and digits, in any order, except that the
first character must be a letter.
• Both upper-and lowercase letters are permitted, though common
usage favors the use of lowercase letters for most types of variables.
• Upper- and lowercase letters are not interchangeable (i.e., an
uppercase letter is not equivalent to the corresponding lowercase
letter.)
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Variable (cont.)
• The underscore character (_) can also be included, and is considered
to be a letter.
• An underscore is often used in the middle of an variable.
• A variable may also begin with an underscore, though this is rarely
done in practice.
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Variable (cont.)
• Case-sensitive
• COUNT and count are not same
• As a rule, an identifier should contain enough characters so that its
meaning is readily apparent.
• On the other hand, an excessive number of characters should be
avoided.
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Variable (Cont.)
Can not Use blank space
Can use letter of
Can not Use any keyword
alphabet (A-Z, a-z)
The first character must
Variable Digits (0-9)
be a letter
Can not start a variable
name with digit Underscore (_)
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Is it Valid Variable Name?
Apon 1joty
joty-5
apon
apon123 this_is_a_long_name
_sojeb_1 VaReNdRa
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Is it Valid Variable Name?
4th The first character must be letter
“x” Illegal characters (“)
Order-no Illegal characters (-)
My variable Illegal characters (blank space)
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Identifiers
• Identifiers are names that are given to various program
elements, such as variables, functions and arrays.
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Keywords
• There are certain reserved words, called Keywords, that have
standard, predefined meaning in C
• Can be used only for their intended purpose
• Can't use as identifiers
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Keywords
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Expressions
• An expression is a combination of operators and operands.
• C expressions follow the rule of algebra
Expression Operator
Arithmetic Expression +, -, *, /, %
Logical Expression AND, OR, NOT
Relational ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
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Assign value to variable
• To assign a value to a variable, put its name to the left of an equal sign (=).
• Put the variable you want to give the variable to the right of the equal sign.
• It is a statement, so end with a ‘;’
variable value
;
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Input Numbers From Keyboard
• There are several methods
• The easiest is – scanf() function.
• Input from Keyboard
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Escape Sequences
• There are certain characters in C when they are preceded by a
backslash (\) they will have special meaning.
• They are used to represent like newline (\n) or tab (\t).
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Escape Sequences
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Defining Constants
• There are two simple ways in C to define constants:
• Using #define preprocessor.
• Using const keyword.
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Using #define preprocessor
• Following is the form to use #define preprocessor to define a
constant:
• Symbolic constants are usually defined at the beginning of a program.
• Name of the constant • Constant value
• Can be any valid identifier name • Can be character/numeric/string
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Using #define preprocessor
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Symbolic Constants
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