Chapter 3:

Decision & Repetition

Statements and Array

AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture

slides 1
 Program Flow
 Java will execute the a more sophisticated program
statements in your code in
statement
a specific sequence, or
"flow". statement
 The "flow" of the program
and can be described
through a "flow diagram":
statement statement
a simple program

statement
statement
statement

statement

statement statement
AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 2
 What are Control
Structures?
Control structures alter the flow of the
program, the sequence of statements
that are executed in a program.

They act as "direction signals" to

control the path a program takes.

Two types of control structures in Java:

◦ decision statements
◦ loops

AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture

slides 3
Decision Statements
Adecision statement allows
the code to execute a
statement or block of
statements conditionally.

Two types of decisions

statements in Java:
◦ if statements
◦ switch statements
AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 4
If Statement
if (expression) {
statement;
}
rest_of_program;

 expression must evaluate to a boolean

value, either true or false
 Ifexpression is true, statement is
executed and then rest_of_program
 Ifexpression is false, statement is not
executed and the program continues at
rest_of_program
AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 5
If Statement Flow Diagram
The if decision statement
executes
a statement if an expression is
no
true Is expression
true?

if (expression) { yes
statement1;
} execute
statement
rest_of_program

execute
rest_of_program
AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 6
If-Else Statement
if (expression) {
statement1;
}
else{
statement2;
}
next_statement;

Again, expression must produce a

boolean value
If expression
is true, statement1 is
executed and then next_statement is
executed.
If expression
is false, statement2 is
executed and then next_statement is
executed. AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 7
 If-Else Flow Diagram
The if-else decision
statement executes a
statement if an is
yes no
“expression”
expression is true and a true?
different statement if it is
not true.
execute execute
if (expression){
statement1 statement2
statement1;
} else {
statement2;
} execute
rest_of_program rest_of_program
AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 8
 Chained If-Else
Statements
if (grade == 'A')
System.out.println("You got an A.");
else if (grade == 'B')
System.out.println("You got a B.");
else if (grade == 'C')
System.out.println("You got a C.");
else
System.out.println("You got an F.");

AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture

slides 9
Switch Statements
 The switch statement enables you to test several
cases generated by a given expression.

 For example:
switch (expression) {
case value1:
statement1;
case value2:
statement2;
default:
default_statement;
}
Every statement after the true case is executed

 The expression must evaluate to a char, byte,

short or int, but not long, float, or double.
AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 10
 expression y
equals Do value1 thing
value1?
switch (expression){
case value1:
// Do value1 thing n
case value2:
// Do value2 thing
expression y
equals Do value2 thing
...
default: value2?
// Do default action
}
// Continue the program n

Do default action

Continue the
program

AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture

slides 11
Break Statements in Switch
Statements
The break statement tells the computer to
exit the switch statement
For example:
switch (expression) {
case value1:
statement1;
break;
case value2:
statement2;
break;
default:
default_statement;
break;
}
AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 12
switch (expression){ expression y
case value1: equals Do value1 thing break
// Do value1 thing value1?
break;

case value2: n
// Do value2 thing
break;
expression y
... equals Do value2 thing break
default: value2?
// Do default action
break;
} n
// Continue the program

do default action

Continue the
break
program

AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture

slides 13
 Remember the Chained If-Else
...
if (grade == 'A')
System.out.println("You got an A.");
else if (grade == 'B')
System.out.println("You got a B.");
else if (grade == 'C')
System.out.println("You got a C.");
else
System.out.println("You got an F.");

AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture

slides 14
This is how it is accomplished with a
switch:
switch (grade) {
case 'A':
System.out.println("You got an A.");
break;
case 'B':
System.out.println("You got a B.");
break;
case 'C':
System.out.println("You got a C.");
break;
default:
System.out.println("You got an F.");
}
if-elsechains can be sometimes be
rewritten as a “switch” statement.
switches are usually simpler and faster
AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 15
 Loops
 A loop allows you to execute a
statement or block of statements
repeatedly.

 Three types of loops in Java:

1. while loops
2. for loops
3. do-while loops (not discussed in this
course)

AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture

slides 16
 The while Loop
while (expression){
statement
}

 Thiswhile loop executes as long as the given

logical expression between parentheses is true.
When expression is false, execution continues
with the statement following the loop block.

 Theexpression is tested at the beginning of the

loop, so if it is initially false, the loop will not
be executed at all.
AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 17
For example:

int sum = 0;
int i = 1;

while (i <= 10){

sum += i;
i++;
}

What is the value of sum?

1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 = 55

AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture

slides 18
The for Loop
for (init_expr; loop_condition; increment_expr)
{
statement;
}
The control of the for loop appear in parentheses and is
made up of three parts:

1. The first part, the init_expression,sets the initial

conditions for the loop and is executed before the loop
starts.

2. Loop executes so long as the loop_condition is true

and exits otherwise.

3. The third part of the control information, the

increment_expr, is usually used to increment the loop
counter. This is executed at the end of each loop
iteration. AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 19
For example:

int sum = 0;

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {

sum += i;
}

What is the value of sum?

1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 = 55

AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture

slides 20
Example 3:

for(int div = 0; div < 1000; div++){

if(div % 2 == 0) {
System.out.println("even: " +
div);
} else {
System.out.println("odd: " + div);
}
}

What will this for loop do?

prints out each integer from 0 to 999,

correctly labeling them even or odd
AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 21
Ifthere is more than one variable to set up
or increment they are separated by a
comma.

for(i=0, j=0; i*j < 100; i++, j+=2) {

System.out.println(i * j);
}

You do not have to fill all three control

expressions but you must still have two
semicolons.

int n = 0;
for(; n <= 100;) {
System.out.println(++n);
}
AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 22
 The for loop

Initialize count
The while loop

n n
Test condition Test condition
is true? is true?

y
y
Execute loop
statement(?) Execute loop
statement(s)

Increment
Next statement count

New statement
AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 23
The continue Statement
The continue statement causes the
program to jump to the next iteration of
the loop.

/**
* prints out "5689"
*/
for(int m = 5; m < 10; m++) {
if(m == 7) {
continue;
}
System.out.print(m);
} AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 24
Another continue example:

int sum = 0;
for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++){
if(i % 3 == 0) {
continue;
}
sum += i;
}

What is the value of sum?

1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 8 + 10 = 37

AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture

slides 25
The break Statement
We have seen the use of the break
statement in the switch statement.
You can also use the break statement
to exit the loop entirely.
// prints out numbers unless
// num is ever exactly 400
while (num > 6) {
if(num == 400) {
break;
}
System.out.println(num);
num -= 8;
}
AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 26
Nested Loops
You can nest loops of any kind one inside
another to any depth. What does this
print?
for(int i = 10; i > 0; i--) {
if (i > 7) { 6
continue; 5
} 5
while (i > 3) { 3
if(i == 5) {
break;
3
} 2
System.out.println(--i); 1
}
System.out.println(i); AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
} slides 27
 POP QUIZ
1. In the switch statement, which types can
expression evaluate to?
char, byte, short, int
2. What must be used to separate each
section of a for statement.
semicolons
3. Which statement causes a program to skip
to the next iteration of a loop.
continue
4. Write a for loop that outputs 100-1 in
reverse sequence.

5. Write a for loop that outputs all numbers

that are divisible by 3 between 0-50.
AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 28
Arrays

A way to organize data

AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture

slides 29
 What are Arrays?

An array is a series of compartments to

store data.

Each compartment is appropriately

sized for the particular data type the
array is declared to store.

An array can hold only one type of

data!
E.g. int[] can hold only integers
char[] can hold only
slides characters
AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
30
 Array Visualization

Specifies an array of
variables of type int
We are creating
a new array object

int[] primes = new int[10]; // An array of 10 integers

The name of The array object is of

the array type int
and has ten elements index values

primes[0] primes[1] primes[2] primes[3] primes[4] primes[9]

AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture

slides 31
 Declaring an Array Variable

Array declarations use square

brackets.
datatype[] label;

For example:
int[] prices;
String[] names;
AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 32
 Creating a New "Empty"
Array
Use this syntax: new int[20]
The new keyword creates an array of
type int that has 20 compartments
The new array can then be assigned to
an array variable:
int[] prices = new int[20];
When first created as above, the items
in the array are initialized to the zero
value of the datatype
int: 0 double: 0.0 AU/Computer
String: null
Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 33
 Array Indexes
Every compartment in an array is
assigned an integer reference.

This
number is called the index of the
compartment

Important: In Java (and most other

languages), the index starts from 0 and
ends at n-1, where n is the size of the
array

AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture

slides 34
 Accessing Array Elements

To access an item in an array,

type the name of the array
followed by the item’s index in
square brackets.

For example, the expression:

names[0]
will return the first element in
the names array AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 35
Filling an Array

Assignvalues to
compartments:

prices[0] = 6.75;
prices[1] = 80.43;
prices[2] = 10.02;

AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture

slides 36
 Constructing Arrays

 To construct an array, you can

declare a new empty array and then
assign values to each of the
compartments:

String[] names = new String[5];

names[0] = "David";
names[1] = "Qian";
names[2] = "Emina";
names[3] = "Jamal";
names[4] = "Ashenafi";
AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 37
 Another Way to Construct Arrays

You can also specify all of the items in an

array at its creation.
Use curly brackets to surround the array’s
data and separate the values with
commas:
String[] names = { "David", "Qian",
"Emina", "Jamal", "Ashenafi"};
Notethat all the items must be of the
same type. Here they are of type String.
Another example:
int[] powers = {0, 1, 10,AU/Computer
100};Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 38
 Length of array

String[] names = {
"David", "Qian", "Emina",
"Jamal", "Ashenafi" };
int numberOfNames = names.length;
System.out.println(numberOfNames);

Output: 5

Important: Arrays are always of the

same size: their lengths cannot be
changed once they are created!
AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 39
 Example
String[] names = {
"Aisha", "Tamara", "Gikandi", "Ato",
"Lauri"};
for(int i = 0; i < names.length; i++){
System.out.println("Hello " + names[i] + ".");
}

Output:
Hello Aisha.
Hello Tamara.
Hello Gikandi.
Hello Ato.
Hello Lauri.

AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture

slides 40
 Modifying Array Elements

Example:
names[0] = “Bekele"
Now the first name in names[] has been
changed from "Aisha" to "Bekele".
So the expression names[0] now
evaluates to "Bekele".
Note:The values of compartments can
change, but no new compartments may
be added. AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 41
 Example

int[] fibs = new int[10];

fibs[0] = 1;
fibs[1] = 1;
for(int i = 2; i < fibs.length; i++) {
fibs[i] = fibs[i-2] + fibs[i-1];
}
Note: array indexes can be expressions
Afterrunning this code, the array
fibs[] contains the first ten Fibonacci
numbers:
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55
AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 42
Exercise 1
 Which of the following
sequences of statements does
not create a new array?

a. int[] arr = new int[4];

b. int[] arr;
arr = new int[4];

c. int[] arr = { 1, 2, 3, 4};

just declares an array variable
d. int[] arr; AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 43
 Exercise 2
 Given this code fragment,
int[] data = new int[10];
System.out.println(data[j]);

 Which of the following is a legal

value of j?
// out of range
a. -1 // legal value
b. 0 // out of range
c. 3.5 // out of range
d. 10
AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 44
 Exercise 3
 Which set of data would not
be suitable for storing in an
array?
a. the score for each of the four
quarters of a Football match
b. your name, date// these are different
of birth, and types
score on your physics test
c. temperature readings taken every
hour throughout a day
d. your expenses each month for an
entire year AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 45
Exercise 4

 What is the value of c after the

following code segment?

int [] a = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

int [] b = {11, 12, 13};
int [] c = new int[4];
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
c[j] = a[j] + b[j];
}
c = [12, 14, 16, 0]
AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 46
 2-Dimensional Arrays
 Thearrays we've used so far can be
thought of as a single row of values.
0 1
A 2-dimensional array can be thought
of as a grid (or matrix) of values
0 8 4
1 9 7
 Eachelement of the 2-D array is
accessed by providing two indexes: 2 3 6
a row index and a column index value at row index 2,
column index 0 is 3
 (A2-D array is actually just an array
of arrays)

AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture

slides 47
 2-D Array Example

 Example:
A landscape grid of a 20 x 55 acre piece of land:
We want to store the height of the land at each
row and each column of the grid.

 We declare a 2D array two sets of square brackets:

double[][] heights = new double[20][55];

 This 2D array has 20 rows and 55 columns

 Toaccess the acre at row index 11 and column index

23 user: heights[11][23]
AU/Computer Sc. Dept./OOP lecture
slides 48