Chapter 3:

Expressions
and Interactivity

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 3.1
The cin Object

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The cin Object
Standard input object
Like cout, requires iostream file
Used to read input from keyboard
Information retrieved from cin with >>
Input is stored in one or more variables

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The cin Object in Program 3-1

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The cin Object
cin converts data to the type that
matches the variable:

int height;
cout << "How tall is the room? ";
cin >> height;

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Displaying a Prompt
A prompt is a message that instructs the
user to enter data.
You should always use cout to display a
prompt before each cin statement.

cout << "How tall is the room? ";

cin >> height;

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The cin Object
Can be used to input more than one value:
cin >> height >> width;

Multiple values from keyboard must be

separated by spaces

Order is important: first value entered goes to

first variable, etc.

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The cin Object Gathers Multiple
Values in Program 3-2

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The cin Object Reads Different
Data Types in Program 3-3

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 3.2
Mathematical Expressions

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Mathematical Expressions
Can create complex expressions using multiple
mathematical operators
An expression can be a literal, a variable, or a
mathematical combination of constants and
variables
Can be used in assignment, cout, other
statements:
area = 2 * PI * radius;
cout << "border is: " << 2*(l+w);

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Order of Operations
In an expression with more than one operator,
evaluate in this order:
- (unary negation), in order, left to right
* / %, in order, left to right
+ -, in order, left to right
In the expression 2 + 2 * 2 – 2
evaluate
evaluate evaluate third
second first

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Order of Operations

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Associativity of Operators
- (unary negation) associates right to left
*, /, %, +, - associate right to left
parentheses ( ) can be used to override the
order of operations:
2 + 2 * 2 – 2 = 4
(2 + 2) * 2 – 2 = 6
2 + 2 * (2 – 2) = 2
(2 + 2) * (2 – 2) = 0

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Grouping with Parentheses

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Algebraic Expressions
Multiplication requires an operator:
Area=lw is written as Area = l * w;
There is no exponentiation operator:
Area=s2 is written as Area = pow(s, 2);
Parentheses may be needed to maintain
order of operations:
y 2  y1 is written as
m m = (y2-y1) /(x2-
x 2  x1
x1);

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Algebraic Expressions

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 3.3
When You Mix Apples with
Oranges: Type Conversion

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When You Mix Apples with
Oranges: Type Conversion
Operations are performed between
operands of the same type.
If not of the same type, C++ will convert
one to be the type of the other
This can impact the results of calculations.

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Hierarchy of Types
Highest: long double
double
float
unsigned long
long
unsigned int
Lowest: int
Ranked by largest number they can hold

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Type Coercion
Type Coercion: automatic conversion of
an operand to another data type
Promotion: convert to a higher type
Demotion: convert to a lower type

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Coercion Rules
1) char, short, unsigned short
automatically promoted to int
2) When operating on values of different
data types, the lower one is promoted to
the type of the higher one.
3) When using the = operator, the type of
expression on right will be converted to
type of variable on left

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 3.4
Overflow and Underflow

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Overflow and Underflow
Occurs when assigning a value that is too
large (overflow) or too small (underflow) to
be held in a variable
Variable contains value that is ‘wrapped
around’ set of possible values
Different systems may display a
warning/error message, stop the program,
or continue execution using the incorrect
value

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 3.5
Type Casting

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Type Casting
Used for manual data type conversion
Useful for floating point division using ints:
double m;
m = static_cast<double>(y2-y1)
/(x2-x1);
Useful to see int value of a char
variable:
char ch = 'C';
cout << ch << " is "
<< static_cast<int>(ch);

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Type Casting in Program 3-9

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C-Style and Prestandard Type Cast
Expressions
C-Style cast: data type name in ()
cout << ch << " is " << (int)ch;
Prestandard C++ cast: value in ()
cout << ch << " is " << int(ch);
Both are still supported in C++, although
static_cast is preferred

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 3.6
Multiple Assignment and
Combined Assignment

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Multiple Assignment and Combined
Assignment
The = can be used to assign a value to
multiple variables:
x = y = z = 5;
Value of = is the value that is assigned
Associates right to left:
x = (y = (z = 5));

value value value

is 5 is 5 is 5

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Combined Assignment
Look at the following statement:

sum = sum + 1;

This adds 1 to the variable sum.

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Other Similar Statements

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Combined Assignment
The combined assignment operators provide a
shorthand for these types of statements.
The statement
sum = sum + 1;
is equivalent to
sum += 1;

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Combined Assignment Operators

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 3.7
Formatting Output

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Formatting Output
Can control how output displays for
numeric, string data:
size
position
number of digits
Requires iomanip header file

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Stream Manipulators
Used to control how an output field is
displayed

Some affect just the next value displayed:

setw(x): print in a field at least x spaces
wide. Use more spaces if field is not wide
enough

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The setw Stream Manipulator in
Program 3-13

Continued…
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The setw Stream Manipulator in
Program 3-13

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Stream Manipulators
Some affect values until changed again:
fixed: use decimal notation for floating-point
values
setprecision(x): when used with fixed,
print floating-point value using x digits after
the decimal. Without fixed, print floating-
point value using x significant digits
showpoint: always print decimal for floating-
point values

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More Stream Manipulators in
Program 3-17

Continued…
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More Stream Manipulators in
Program 3-17

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Stream Manipulators

• The std::setprecision manipulator sets the number of digits to be used

for floating-point values.
• When used with std::fixed, it sets the number of digits after the
decimal point

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 3.8
Working with Characters and
string Objects

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Working with Characters and
string Objects
Using cin with the >> operator to input
strings can cause problems:
It passes over and ignores any leading
whitespace characters (spaces, tabs, or
line breaks)
To work around this problem, you can use
a C++ function named getline.

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Using getline in Program 3-19

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Working with Characters and
string Objects
To read a single character:
Use cin:
char ch;
cout << "Strike any key to continue";
cin >> ch;
Problem: will skip over blanks, tabs, <CR>
Use cin.get():
cin.get(ch);
Will read the next character entered, even
whitespace

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Using cin.get() in Program 3-21

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Working with Characters and
string Objects
Mixing cin >> and cin.get() in the same
program can cause input errors that are hard to
detect
To skip over unneeded characters that are still in
the keyboard buffer, use cin.ignore():
cin.ignore(); // skip next char
cin.ignore(10, '\n'); // skip the next
// 10 char. or until a '\n'

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string Member Functions and
Operators
To find the length of a string:
string state = "Texas";
int size = state.length();

To concatenate (join) multiple strings:

greeting2 = greeting1 + name1;
greeting1 = greeting1 + name2;

Or using the += combined assignment

operator:
greeting1 += name2;
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 3.9
More Mathematical Library
Functions

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More Mathematical Library
Functions
Require cmath header file
Take double as input, return a double
Commonly used functions:
sin Sine
cos Cosine
tan Tangent
sqrt Square root
log Natural (e) log
abs Absolute value (takes and returns an int)

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More Mathematical Library
Functions
These require cstdlib header file
rand(): returns a random number (int)
between 0 and the largest int the compute
holds. Yields same sequence of numbers
each time program is run.
srand(x): initializes random number
generator with unsigned int x

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 3.10
Hand Tracing a Program

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Hand Tracing a Program
Hand trace a program: act as if you are
the computer, executing a program:
step through and ‘execute’ each statement,
one-by-one
record the contents of variables after
statement execution, using a hand trace chart
(table)
Useful to locate logic or mathematical
errors

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Program 3-27 with Hand Trace
Chart

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 3.11
A Case Study

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A Case Study
General Crates, Inc. builds custom-
designed wooden crates.
You have been asked to write a program
that calculates the:
Volume (in cubic feet)
Cost
Customer price
Profit of any crate GCI builds

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Variables

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Program Design
The program must perform the following general steps:

Step 1:
Ask the user to enter the dimensions of the crate
Step 2:
Calculate:
the crate’s volume
the cost of building the crate
the customer’s charge
the profit made
Step 3:
Display the data calculated in Step 2.

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General Hierarchy Chart

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Get Crate Dimensions

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Calculate Volume, Cost, Customer
Charge, and Profit

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Display Calculated Data

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Pseudo-code
Ask the user to input the crate's length.
Ask the user to input the crate's width.
Ask the user to input the crate's height.
Calculate the crate's volume.
Calculate the cost of building the crate.
Calculate the customer's charge for the crate.
Calculate the profit made from the crate.
Display the crate's volume.
Display the cost of building the crate.
Display the customer's charge for the crate.
Display the profit made from the crate.

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Calculations
The following formulas will be used to calculate the
crate’s volume, cost, charge, and profit:

volume = length × width × height

cost = volume × 0.23

charge = volume × 0.5

profit = charge − cost

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The Program

Continued…
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The Program

Continued…
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The Program

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