First Aid and CPR

Training

By: Mr. Ogbuagu JP

Help! Emergency!

Minutes could
make a
difference !!!
 First Aid
Immediate assistance, emergency care, or
treatment given to an ill or injured person
before regular medical aid can be obtained.

First = immediate
Aid = care
Deals with injuries or
sudden illness
DOES NOT replace the
need for medical care
 Objective of First Aid

• Preserve life.
• Prevent deterioration.
• Promote recovery
 First-Aid Requirements
• Facilities – an appropriate location where first-
aid treatment can be given.
• Equipment – suitably stocked first-aid kits and
other equipment as necessary.
• Personnel – staff with appropriate training to
deliver first-aid treatment.
 First-Aid Equipment
• Eye-wash stations.
• Emergency showers.
• Blankets.
• Splints.
• Resuscitation equipment.
• Stretchers.
• Wheelchairs.
• Other equipment as required.
Responsibilities of the First Aider
• Access the situation
• Identify the disease or condition from which the
casualty is suffering (diagnosis).
• Give immediate appropriate and adequate
treatment bearing in mind that a casualty has
more than more injury and that some casualties
will require more urgent attention than the other.
• Arrange without delay, for the disposal of a
casualty to a doctor, hospital or home according
to the seriousness of the condition.
 General Rules Guiding First
Aiders
• Stay calm do not panic, and take charge.
• Use your common sense. Rules may be broken depending on the
prevailing situation especially where first aider and the victim may be
exposed to further danger.
• Do not attempt to do too much, if you are unsure of what to do. Note
that it may be better not to do anything at all than do something that
will endanger the life of the victim.
• Re-assure the victims at all times.
• Do not move victim unless absolutely necessary.
• Do not allow people to crowd around you
• Do not leave the victim unattended until a doctor takes charge
• Loosen any tighten or restrictive clothing around the neck or waist to
allow easy breathing and
blood circulation.
 Emergency Action Steps
1. Check the Scene
2. Check the Victim: Check for consciousness.
a) If response:
1. Interview the Victim
2. Check Vital Signs
3. Check Skin & Temperature
4. Visually Inspect Body (cut, bleeding, … )

b) If the victim does not respond:

1. Call for Help
2. Open the airway and Check for breathing and circulation
(CAB) , start CPR
 Assess the Scene

Evaluate the scene

Assess safety at spot
Prioritize care
Check for medical alert tags
Do head-to-toe check
Move only if necessary
 Airway Obstruction
(Chocking)
Types of Chocking:
• Partial air exchange:
coughing forcefully
• Complete blockage:
unable to breath, speak, or cough

Common causes of obstruction

Tongue, vomit, foreign body, swelling,
spasm
 Caring for Airway Obstruction

 Partial obstruction:
Do not interfere and
encourage him to continue
coughing and breathing effort
 Complete obstruction:
Abdominal thrusts until:
1.Object is removed or
2.Victim is unresponsive
 Shock
Shock is the failure of the cardiovascular system to
provide adequate oxygen-rich blood to the vital
organs.
Shock is life-threatening.
Common Causes:
Sudden illness: heart attack, or injury( severe
bleeding.)
Emotional stress.
Signs of Shock:
1.Altered mental status (Restlessness or irritability)
2.Pale and cold skin
3.Nausea and vomiting
4.Rapid breathing and pulse
5.Unresponsive in late stages
 Care for Shock
• Monitor the ABCs (Airways, breathing and
circulations).

• Control any external bleeding as soon as

possible

• Position victim on his back.

• Raise victim’s legs 6 to 12 inches

• Prevent heat loss

• Do not give anything to eat or dink.

 Bleeding and Wounds
Bleeding is the loss of
blood from arteries,
veins, and capillaries.

External bleeding:
occurs with open
wounds whereby the
skin is broken.
Internal bleeding:
is the escape of blood
into spaces inside the
body Uncontrolled
bleeding is life-
threatening.
 External Bleeding
Care for External Bleeding
1. Wear gloves.
2. Expose wound.
3. Cover with clean cloth or gauze.
4. Apply direct pressure
5. Clean wound with antiseptic
solution.
6. Elevate the area
7. Apply a pressure bandage
Special Wounds
 Care for Nosebleeds
1. Sit and lean slightly forward.
2. Pinch the soft parts of the nose together.
3. Apply ice over nose.
4. Seek medical care if needed.
 Electrical Shock

Don’t touch!
Turn power off
Call EMS For 122
Remove person
from live wire
Check for breathing
 Burns
Burns are injuries resulting from exposure to heat, chemicals,
electricity
Heat Burn
Depth (degree):
1.First-degree (superficial)
•Redness
•Mild swelling
•Tenderness
•Pain

2.Second-degree (partial thickness)

•Blisters
•Swelling
•Intense pain

3.Third-degree (full thickness)

•Dead nerve endings
•waxy skin, black color
 First Aid for Heat Burns
1st Degree Burns:
• Cool with water until relive pain (10 min)
• Apply antibiotic ointment and watch for signs of
infection
Small 2nd Degree Burns:
• Cool with water
• Cover burn with dry, nonstick, sterile dressing
Large 2nd Degree and 3rd Degree Burns
• Monitor breathing.
• Cover burn with dry, nonstick, sterile dressing
DO NOT clean, put ointment or break
blisters.
• Seek medical care
Care for Chemical Burns Care for Electrical
(Acids, alkalis): Burns:

1.Flush skin. 1.Make the scene safe.

2.Remove contaminated2.Open airway and
clothing if it nonstick. check breathing.
3.Cover burn 3.Cover burns.
4.Care for shock 4.Care for shock
5.Seek medical care. 5.Call for medical care.
 Eye Injuries
splashes, particles in eye, blow to eye, cuts near eye,
penetrating objects, etc.
Types: Signs:
•Chemical Burn. 1.Tears.
•Penetrating object or cut. 2.Painful irritation.
3.Difficulty opening the
eye.
 Broken Bones/ Fractures
1.Closed (simple) fracture
2.Open (compound) fracture

Signs:
 Deformity
 Open wounds
 Tenderness ( sensitivity to pain)
 Swelling

FA for Closed fracture:

1.Check circulation, and splint the injured
area.
2.Apply a cold pack and elevate
3.Seek medical care.

FA for Open Fracture:

1.Stabilize injured part to prevent
movement.
2.Cover wound and exposed bones
without applying pressure.
 Splinting
• Reduces pain
• Prevents further damage to
muscles, nerves, and blood
vessels
• Prevents closed fracture
from becoming open
fracture
• Reduces bleeding and
swelling
 Head, Spinal and Rib
Fractures
Care for Head, Spinal Fractures
Stabilize head and neck.
Open airway and check breathing.
Control any external bleeding
carefully.
Seek medical care

Care for Rib Fractures

1)Help victim find a comfortable position
for breathing.
2)Support the injured area.
3)Seek medical care
 Heatstroke
• Body temperature becomes extremely high
• Requires rapid intervention
Signs of Heatstroke
Extremely hot, dry skin
Confusion
Seizures
Unresponsiveness
Care for Heatstroke
1.Stop activity and rest in cool place.
2.If unresponsive, open airway, check breathing, and
provide care.
3.Rapidly cool patient with cool, wet towels, fanning,
and cold packs.
 CPR
CPR, or cardiopulmonary resuscitation, is a
combination of chest compressions and rescue
breathing that helps circulate oxygenated
blood to the heart and organs when the heart
is not beating on its own.
 CPR
• Check for safety
• Talk & Touch
“Are you okay.” Gentle touch
• Call for help
Help!
• Open and Maintain
Airway—head tilt, chin lift,
look carefully in mouth.
• Check for breathing
 Check for breathing
• Look
• Listen
• Feel for at least 5-10 seconds
 Ventilate
• Head tilt; chin up
• Plug nose & give two breaths (about one
second long)
• Watch chest rise.
• If chest does not rise, try again
Begin Chest Compressions
• Two hands, overlapped midline of nipple
• 1-1/2- 2 inches deep
• 2 breaths, 30 compressions
• Stop recheck, 5 intervals and then recheck.

• Rate of 100 compressions in one minute!

• “Staying Alive Beat!”
 Steps for Adult CPR
• Check the scene for safety. Make sure there is nothing around
that will cause harm before approaching the victim. (Gas, fallen
power lines, etc.)
• Check the person for consciousness
• Call for help!
• Open the airway and look, listen, and feel for signs of life for no
more than 10 seconds.
• Give 30 chest compressions with both hands then open the
airway and give 2 rescue breaths each lasting 1 second.
• Continue the 30/2 ratio (5 cycles in 2 minutes) until EMT arrives
or you are too exhausted to continue.

Do NOT stop CPR to check for signs of life until an AED is

ready, a trained responder arrives or the victim breathes
on their own
Adult CPR
 Steps for child CPR (1yr to 8yrs)
• Ensure the safety of rescuer and child.
• Check the child’s responsiveness. Are they alert
• Have someone call ER number and get an AED
• Open the child’s airway by tilting the head and
lifting the chin.
• Keeping the airway open, look, listen and feel for
normal breathing (NO MORE THAN 10 SEC)
• If the child is not breathing
• Give two initial rescue breaths each lasting 1
second
• If there is no pulse: The rescuer should provide 5
cycles (a cycle is 30 compressions and 2
breaths) of CPR (about 2 minutes)
• Start chest compressions (1 to 1 ½ in.).
 Infant CPR
• Check the scene safety
• Open the infant’s airway by tilting the head back
• Keeping the airway open, look, listen and feel for
normal breathing
• If the infant is not breathing
• Give two initial rescue breaths (1 breath every 3
seconds)
• The rescuer should provide 5 cycles (a cycle is 30
compressions and 2 breaths) of CPR (about 2
minutes)
• Call ER number and start chest compressions (1/2
to 1 in) (100\min).
• Stop and check for signs of life every 2 minutes
Airway obstruction
 Recovery position
If a person is breathing normally and unable
to be woken up (unconscious), they should
be gently placed in the recovery position,
avoiding any twisting or forward movement
of the head and spine.
If pregnant...or too large to get
arms around
• Place fist in center, thrusts instead of abdominal
thrusts.

Alone…..bend over a chair and thrust

Infant….holding baby turn on their

stomach use ridge of hand thrusts to
their back
 Reminder
• Attempt resuscitation even if you are in
doubt whether a casualty is capable of
being revived. Continue until:
• Spontaneous breathing and pulse are
restored.
• Another qualified person takes over
• A doctor assumes responsibility for the
casualty
• You are exhausted and unable to
continue
• Try to avoid contact with potentially
infectious bodily fluids such as blood
or saliva.