JOGI

Process Safety & Risk Management

Consultants

FIRST AID TRAINING

By Mr. Nilesh Jogal In Godrej Agro wet PVT. LTD.

PURPOSE OF FIRST AID

provide temporary assistance in medical emergency situations until professional rescuers arrive and assumes responsibility for the victim

AIMS OF FIRST AID

PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID

Reassure, Encouragement, Relieve Anxiety. Give first aid Calmly, Efficiently, Step by step. Make haste but carefully. Reach the spot quickly. Calm, Methodical but quick. Clear the crowd with nice words.

PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID

Disposal to medical expert as early as possible.

FIRST AIDER RESPONSIBILITY

Assess the situation without endangering your life. Diagnosis Immediate, Appropriate and Adequate Treatment. Arrangement for disposal of casualty to medical expert.

MAIN THREE EMERGENCIES

Lack of Breathing and/or Heart beats. Severe Bleeding. State of Unconsciousness.

A.B.C. RULES FOR FIRST AID

A= An Open Airway B= Breathing

C= Circulation/Bleeding

CPR = CARDIO PULMONARY RESUSCITATION

Cardio = Heart Pulmonary = Lungs

Resuscitation = To Revive.

CPR = CARDIO PULMONARY RESUSCITATION

Seven Steps For C.P.R. 1. Check Unresponsiveness. 2. Call for help/ Dial for emergency medical services. 3. Check for Breathing. 4. Mouth to Mouth OR Mouth to Nose Breathing. 5. Check for Circulation. 6. Chest Compression. 7. Alternate Chest Compression & Breathing.

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION SYSTEM

1. 2. 3. 4.

TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION SYSTEM Mouth to Mouth respiration system Scheffer`s method Holger Nelson method Silvestor method

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION SYSTEM Mouth to Mouth respiration system 1.Place the casualty on his back. Hold his head tilted back. 2.Take a deep breath with mouth open widely. 3.Keep nostrils of casually pinched. 4.Cover the mouth of the casualty with your mouth smugly. 5.Watching the chest, blow into his lungs, until the chest bellows up. Withdraw your mouth. Note the chest falls back (It is hygienic to cover the mouth of casualty with your handkerchief or some clean cloth).

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION SYSTEM 6.Repeat the above 15 to 20 times a minute. 7.If casualty is young (baby or child) the operations are as above, but your open mouth should cover both the mouth and nose of the casualty and blow gently. 8.If the chest does not rise (as in 5 above) look for an obstruction. -Turn the casualty to a side and thump his back. This will make the obstructing material come to the front of throat. Open the mouth and remove it with your finger covered with a piece of the cloth. -If a child, hold it up by the feet and thump the back.

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION SYSTEM 9.Use mouth-to-nose respiration if mouth to-mouth is not possible, but now the casualty's mouth should be closed by the First Aider's thumb. 10.If heart is working, continue artificial respiration until normal breathing occurs. Send for Ambulance. 11.If the heart is not working, you will notice: - The face is blue or pale. - Pupils are dilated. - Heart beats and pulse at the root of neck (carotid) are not felt.

CONTENT OF FIRST AID BOX Bandages Gauze Plasters Scissors Tweezers Cotton Wool Pain Killers Note Book And Pen Disinfectant Iodine /Spirit Gloves Surgical Blades Glucose Burn Cream Safety Pins Ors Oral Rehydration Salts Liniment / Deep Heat Soap Medicated Splints

BANDAGES TYPES OF BANDAGES: 1. Roller bandage or crepe 2. Triangular bandage/universal (Its called universal because many bandages can be made from it.

QUALITIES OF A GOOD BANDAGE; 1. It must not be slippery 2. It should be elastic. 3. Must be long enough.

BANDAGES FUNCTIONS OF A BANDAGE 1. Maintain direct pressure over a dressing to control a bleeding. 2. Hold dressing and splints in position. 3. Prevent or reduce swelling 4. Provide support for limbs/joints 5. Restrict movement 6. Assistance in carrying /lifting the causality

BLEEDING This is the escape of blood from blood system that is; capillaries, arteries, veins and heart TYPES OF BLEEDING

INTERNAL BLEEDING This is the escape of blood from arteries, capillaries and veins into the spaces in the body. (Remains inside the body).
EXTERNAL BLEEDING This is the escape of blood from arteries, capillaries and veins out of the body and is seen.

BLEEDING CAUSES OF BLEEDING Motor accidents Fighting Cuts from sharp objects Falling down while running or walking Fractures

BLEEDING SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS (GENERAL) Blood is seen Pain Wound Part becomes swollen General body weakness Restlessness Dizziness Unconsciousness Blood from natural opens Blood seen from Urine, cough ,Vomits Thirty

BLEEDING

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT (FAM/FAT) Sit or lie the casualty down Elevate effected part if possible Apply direct pressure. Dress the wound Reassure the casualty as you do the above Refer to the nearest medical unit e.g. clinic

BLEEDING NOSE BLEEDING Sit the casualty upright Slightly open the legs of casualty (put them apart) Pinch soft part at the nose (the area between the eyes while the causality breath through the mouth) Get and place a cold dump (wet) cloth or sponge the fore head Do the above every 5 minutes for 30 minutes If bleeding continues, refer

WOUNDS A wound is a break or cut in the continuity of a body

WOUNDS TYPES OF WOUND Closed wounds This is when the damage occurs under the skin tissue leaving the outer layer unbroken e.g. electrical burn. Open wounds This is when there is a breakage in the continuity of the skin e.g. cut by a razorblade, knife

WOUNDS Signs and Symptoms Pain Wound Bleeding Restlessness Thirst Unconsciousness Swelling. Causes Blunt force e.g. a punch while fighting Sharp forces e.g. knives, razors, pins, niddles Electrical injuries

WOUNDS

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT (FAM/FAT)

Safety. Reassure casualty as you settle him/her in a comfortable position. Remove the foreign body if possible. Raise the injured part if possible Dress and bandage the affected part. Change the dressing every other day. Burn all used up dressings so as not to spread infection.

FRACTURES This is the break or crack in the continuity of a bone.

FRACTURES CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTURES Compound/open fracture This is when a bone breaks and tears through the skin tissue, and it can be seen. Simple/closed fracture This is when a bone breaks/cracks but remains within the body. Green stick fracture This happens in children/infants whose bones have not grown hard. It bends or cracks but doesnt break. As their bones are not hard enough to break. Complicated fracture This is when a bone breaks and damages other body organs and it may be open or closed fracture.

FRACTURES Signs and Symptoms Pain Bleeding Bone may be seen Body weakness Restlessness Difficulty in moving injured part Deformity of injured part Swelling. Causes Direct pressure e.g. car accidents, being punched, being hit with a metallic rod. Indirect pressure e.g. falling down while running, stepping in a hole/ditch

FRACTURES FIRST AID MANAGEMENT (FAM/FAT) Safety Rest the casualty and place affected part in comfortable position Reassure the casualty Immobilize fracture using splints and bandages Control bleeding if any Refer

BURNS AND SCALDS Burns are injuries caused by dry heat e.g. hot metals, iron e.t.c while scalds are injuries caused by vapor or hot liquids. Signs and Symptoms Pain Restlessness Blisters Part becomes warm

BURNS AND SCALDS Degrees or Depth of Burns : The degrees of burns indicate the degree of damage to the tissues. There are five degrees of burns: First Degree : When the skin is reddened Second Degree : When there are blisters on the skin, and Third Degree : When there is destruction of deeper tissues and of charring. Fourth Degree : Steam blebs Fifth Degree : Carbonization

BURNS AND SCALDS FIRST AID MANAGEMENT (FAM/FAT) Safety Pour plenty of cold running water over part Refer or call for help Never break blisters Never forcefully remove clothes from burnt skin

SHOCK It is a condition in which a persons important body organs fails to function or slow down due to less oxygenated blood flow. (Triangle of life Brain, lungs and heart) CAUSES OF SHOCK Dehydration Diseases e.g. convulsion Allergic reaction Severe bleeding Electrocution Bad/good news excitement) Cardiac failure Severe Burns

SHOCK SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Mental confusion Loss of energy Dizziness Rapid breathing Sweating Low blood pressure Restlessness Thirst Failure to drink normally Cold skin Frequent yawning He/She may become unconscious Lips and tongue turn pale

SHOCK FIRST AID MANAGEMENT Follow A.B.C. rules of first aid. Keep the causality lying on his or her back and keep the airway clear. The causality should lie on a mat or blanket to avoid coldness from the ground. Elevate the legs to the level of the heart Loosen tight fittings e.g. Belts , shoes, bangles, watch Cover the causality with a blanket or coat to keep him/her warm Do not give fluids or food Refer the causality for medical attention

UNCONSCIOUSNESS This is a state of unawareness due to damage or disturbance of the brain functions. CAUSES. Brain and head injuries. Excessive and severe bleeding. Drowning. Intoxication-alcohol, carbon monoxide, poisoning etc.. Fits and convulsions

UNCONSCIOUSNESS SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS. Loss of consciousness characterized by shallow breathing. Weak and rapid pulses. Restlessness. Loss of memory of events before and after accidents. Signs and symptoms of shock. Nausea and vomiting.

UNCONSCIOUSNESS LEVELS OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS. Fully conscious- Here the person is alert and aware of what is happening. Drowsiness- Casualty can easily be roused by short stimuli to get response. He/she can respond to voice. Stupor- Here a casualty can be roused with difficulty e.g. by pinching. Coma- This is the worst state of unconsciousness. A casualty cant be aroused at all by a first aider. It can be done in the hospital

UNCONSCIOUSNESS
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR UNCONSCIOUSNESS. Ensure safety. Open the airway by lifting the chin and tilting the head. Check breathing and circulation and be prepared to resuscitate if necessary. If the casualty starts to vomit, put in a recovery position. If suspect spinal injury, treat the casualty as a spinal injury. Examine the casualty to identify severe bleeding and fractures. Control any bleeding as immediately as possible. Ensure plenty of fresh air by opening doors, windows or in an open environment. Cover the casualty with a worm blanket. Put the casualty in recovery position. Reassure and refer immediately if theres no improvement. If the casualty improves explain what happened and what you intend to do after wards

ANIMAL AND INSECT BITES These are injuries caused by the teeth/fangs o stings of animals or insects SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Bleeding 2 Fang marks teeth marks Pain Swelling of bitten part Paralysis of an affected part Thirst Restlessness General body weakness Vomiting

ANIMAL AND INSECT BITES FIRST AID MANAGEMENT Ensure safety for you - (First Aider) - Casualty - Bystanders Remove casualty from the cause Restrict movement of the causality Sit casualty down/lie him/her Tie slightly above the bitten part (firmly not tight and if possible) Wash bitten part with plenty of running water Dress and bandage bitten part

POISOINING This is the introduction of toxic substance into a body. Poison is any toxic substance in solid, liquid or gasses form which if introduced into a living body in a sufficient amount will affect the normal functions of the vital normal functions of that living body and its systems. CAUSES OF POISONING Over dose of drugs Self medication. Alcohol being taken in excesses Breathing in toxic gasses

POISOINING TYPES OF POISONS 1. Corrosive: This is the nature of poison which burns the way destroying the route by causing things such as wounds e.g. acids and strong alkaline. 2. Non corrosive: This is the nature of poison does not destroy route where it passes thus no wounds may be caused. The major routes through which the poison can be introduced into the body Mouth. Nose Skin.

POISOINING

Signs and Symptoms

vomiting Diarrhea Asphyxia Vomiting unconsciousness The rips may be stained by the co lour or poison. The smiling of the poison at the seen

POISOINING First Aid Treatment | First Aid management 1. Non Corrosive Poison

As you arrange to transport the casualty to the nearest medical unit with the specimen of the poison, container or the vomits.
2.Corrosive Poison In case of corrosive poison do not induce vomiting dilute the poison with milk or water as you arrange for transport to the nearest medical unit.

Assess the situation in relation to type of poison If it is non corrosive poison induce vomiting Dilute the poison by use of milk if milk is not available you use water.

HEART ATTACK Heart Attack Usually that happens when one of the coronary arteries is blocked by an obstruction or a spasm. Signs and symptoms: Pressure in chest, fullness, squeezing, or pain that lasts more than a few minutes or that goes way and comes back. Pain spreading to the shoulders, neck, or arms. Chest discomfort with lightheadedness, fainting, sweating, nausea, or shortness of breath.

HEART ATTACK First Aid Treatment | First Aid management Call EMS or get to the nearest hospital emergency department with 24-emergency cardiac care. Monitor victims condition. Help the victim to the least painful position, usually sitting with legs up and bent at the knees. Loosen clothing around the neck and midriff. Determine if the victim is known to have coronary heart disease and is using nitroglycerin. If the victim is unresponsive, check ABCs and start CPR, if needed.

THANK YOU