CS-212

Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming

Lecture # 1
Object-Oriented Programming Concepts

Dr. Muhammad Sadiq Amin

Sadiq.amin@seecs.edu.pk
Introduction to Object-
Oriented Programming

Contents

Introduction

What this course is about?

Why should you take this course?

Course outline, textbook, grading policy etc.

Computers over time!

Key ideas in computing

Introduction
▪ About me …
▪ Postdoc in Federated Machine Learning
Gachon University, South Korea
▪ Ph.D. in Deep Learning & Computer vision
Tongmyong University, South Korea
▪ Research Interests
▪ Federated Machine Learning In HealthCare 5.0
▪ Deep learning & Computer Vision
▪ Emerging Computing (AI) Paradigms
▪ Contact
▪ Email: sadiq.amin@seecs.edu.pk
▪ Office
▪ A-217 SEECS floor 1.
▪ Office Hours: any time subject to my availability 
Students’ Introductions

▪ Let us get to know each other …

▪ Tell us about
▪ Your name
▪ Your subjects of interests!
▪ Your hobbies, inspiration and anything
else you are passionate about …
Acknowledgement
▪Content from following resources has been used in
these lectures CS304

6
Grading Policy
▪ Quizzes
▪ 11.25% (15% of the lecture component)
▪ Assignments
▪ 3.75% (5% of the lecture component)
▪ Mid Semester Exam
▪ 22.5% (30% of the lecture component)
▪ ESE
▪ 37.5% (50% of the lecture component)
▪ Project
▪ 7.5% (30% of the lab component)
An updated GP has been uploaded on LMS.
Class Ethics
▪ Zero Tolerance for Plagiarism
▪ Never copy others’ assignment!
▪ If found, all copies will get 0 credit!
▪ Better fail now or you fail later in your life!
▪ Properly cite the resources used in assignments /
project
▪ Hard work
▪ Will always pay you off!
▪ Respect for all!
▪ If you have any problem, feel free to contact me!
Attendance and Attention!
▪ Mandatory 75% attendance!
▪ Policy will be strictly followed!
▪ Attendance will be marked at start for first lecture!
▪ Late commers will be marked as absent!
▪ For leave or consideration of attendance in case of
unavoidable circumstances, you will need approval
from UG coordinator for consideration!
▪ Attentiveness during lecture
▪ More important than attendance!
▪ Key to effective learning in semester-based system!
▪ Requires effort!
▪ Feel free to interrupt and ask questions and clarify
different points!
Contents

● Objective of the course is to make

students familiar with the concepts of
object-oriented programming
● Concepts will be reinforced by their
implementation in C++

10
Contents

● Object-Orientation
● Objects and Classes
● Overloading
● Inheritance
● Polymorphism
● Generic Programming
● Exception Handling
● Introduction to Design Patterns
Books

●Beginning C++17 From Novice to

Professional, 5th edition
By Ivor Horton

●Ivor Horton's Beginning Visual C++

2008
By Ivor Horton

●Object-Oriented Software Engineering

By Jacobson, Christerson, Jonsson,
Object-Orientation (OO)
What is Object-Orientation?

● A technique for system modeling

● OO model consists of several

interacting objects

14
What is a Model?

● A model is an abstraction of
something

● Purpose is to understand the product

before developing it
Example Models

● Highway maps

● Architectural models

● Mechanical models
Example - OO Model
Example - OO Model

lives-in
● Objects Ali House
○Ali
drives
○House
○Car
Car Tree
○Tree
● Interactions
○Ali lives in the house
○Ali drives the car
Object-Orientation Advantages

● People think in terms of objects

● (Procedural paradigm concentrate on
actions)
● OO models map to reality
● Therefore, OO models are
○easy to develop
○easy to understand
What is an Object?

An object is

● Something tangible (Ali, Car)

● Something that can be apprehended

intellectually (Time, Date)
… What is an Object?

An object has

● State (attributes)
● Well-defined behaviour (operations)
● Unique identity
 Example – Sadiq is a Tangible Object

● State (attributes)
○Name
○Age
● behaviour (operations)
○Walks
○Eats
● Identity
○His name
 Example - Car is a Tangible Object

● State (attributes)
- Color
- Model
● behaviour (operations)
- Accelerate - Start Car
- Change Gear
● Identity
- Its registration number
What can be Intangible Objects
 Example - Time is an Object apprehended
intellectually

● State (attributes)
- Hours - Seconds
- Minutes
● behaviour (operations)
- Set Hours - Set Seconds
- Set Minutes
● Identity
○ - Would have a unique ID in the model
 Example - Date is an object apprehended
intellectually

● State (attributes)
- Year - Day
- Month
● behaviour (operations)
- Set Year - Set Day
- Set Month
● Identity
- Would have a unique ID in the model
Towards a higher level of abstraction
Declarative languages (Haskell, Prolog...)

OO languages (C++, Java, Python...)

Procedural languages (C, Fortran, COBOL...)

Assembly languages

Binary code
 There are always trade-offs

• High-level languages
– Simpler to write & understand
– More library support, data structures

• Low-level languages
– Closer to hardware
– More efficient

• What about C++?

 Programming Paradigm

Programming Programming
provides paradigm is a
solution(program) to mental view of the
a real-world
problem and its
problem using
computational solution
models
Procedural Programming

f()

f()
Procedural Programming

f() x

f()
x
Procedural Programming
Procedural Programming
SPAGHETTI CODE
 OOP Approach

• The fundamental idea behind object-oriented

language is to combine into a single unit both
– data and
– the functions that operate on that data.
• Such a unit is called an object
Object Oriented Programming (OOP)

f() x

f()
x
OOP Approach
 Object Oriented Programming (OOP)
Paradigm
• “Object Oriented programming is an approach
of problem solving where all computations
are carried out using objects”

Object?
Object?
Object
 Attributes & Behaviors in OOP

• Almost any noun can be reasonably

represented as a software object in terms
of
– attributes (e.g., name, color and size)
– and behaviors (e.g., calculating, moving and
communicating).
Static Properties
Dynamic properties
 Example (Person as an Object)

Attributes Behavior
age Walk()
Name Run()
address Teach(
)
 Class

• Close your eyes for a minute and think about what do

you understand when you hear the word “chair”

• We know that chairs have properties like :

– seating capacities,
– back,
– number legs
– shape
– color
– a degree of softness and so on so forth
 Example (Chair as an Object)
• The idea of the chair allows you to recognize a chair. However,
the definition does not exist

• However, if you look around the room, there are several chairs are
in the room, and each chair is an object. Each of these objects is an
example of that thing called the Chair (class)

• A class is a description of a kind of thing.

• An object is an actual thing
Class
Class
Class in OOP
Class
 Concept of a “Class” in OOP

A key aspect of Object Oriented Programming

is
the use of Classes
• A class is a specification/model of an object
• You can “think of a class as a concept” and
an object as “Realization of that concept”
 Class
• A class is like a cookie cutter; it defines the
shape of objects
• Objects are like cookies; they are instances
of the class

Photograph courtesy of Guillaume Brialon on Flickr

 Class

• The world is full of objects

• Many objects have always existed. New objects come to existence
and others cease to exist

• Mankind chose to classify objects i.e. name groups of objects based

on their attributes and their relationships
• For example:
– All things have been classed as either living things or non-living things
– Some living things are classed as vertebrae's and others as non-vertebrae’s
– A group of things like TVs, computers, phones etc are classified as electronics
– PCs, laptops, tablets and servers can be classified as computers as a subgroup of
electronics
• In the real world, only objects interact with
objects
 Class

Remember: A CLASS is ONLY a definition. It

describes a set of qualifiers that describe what the
objects that belong to that class look like

The things that are tangible and exist are the

Objects. Objects may belong to a classification.
 Class: Summary

A class defines the abstract characteristics of a

group of similar objects
• Attributes(fields or properties)
• Behaviors(methods or functions).
• A class is a user-defined type.
• A class is a blueprint or template to build
a specific type of object
• Every object is built from a class.
• Can be used to create objects: Variables of
the class type
What is a “Microwave”?
• An oven that uses
microwaves
to heat food

• It has a door

• It has a rotating trey inside

• It is a keypad based HMI

• It has a light in the oven

• Has a power rating

 Object or Class?

These are two objects. Call them Microwave 1 and Microwave 2

You can call them My microwave and Ali’s microwave so on and so forth

Both belong to the CLASS microwave, which does not exist

 OOP: Real World Modeling

• In physical world we deal with objects such as

cars and people
• Such kind of objects are not like the data and
are not like the functions
• Complex real world objects have
both attributes and behavior
 OOP Approach

• Identify objects that the problem is concerned

with,
– e.g. Sports Application (Sportsman would be the
object),
• Produce a detailed design for each new
data type (Objects) including the operations
that can be performed on each object
• Express logic of your program in terms of
objects and kinds of operations they allow
OOP Approach
Online Booking: Tennis Court

• Court
• User
• Booking
Online Booking: Tennis Court

COLOR,
Attribute(Variables) SURFACE,
DIMENSION
Court
DO COURT BOOKING(),
Functionality(Functions) COURT CLEANING
Student Management System

Roll number

Attributes Name

Marks
Student

Curricular
performance
Behavior:
E
xtra curricular
performance
Basic Structure C and C++
 Class
• A class is a programmer-defined data type. It consists
of data members and functions which operate on that
data.
– Data Members define Object attributes
– Member Functions define Object Behavior

• “Class” is an Object-Oriented Programming Concept

 C++ Class – Declaration
• To declare a class
– The class keyword is used
• The declaration is enclosed in braces {};
• The class definition ends with a semicolon
• Every piece of code inside the braces is
called ‘class body’
• The class body thus contains class members
 C++ Class – Declaration

Class classname
{
………….
…………
…………….

};
C++ Class – Example
class Time {

private: Private:and Public: are

member-access specifiers.
int hour; // 0 - 23

int minute; // 0 - 59

int second; // 0 - 59 hour, minute, and second

are data members.
public:

Time();
setTime, printMilitary, and
void setTime( int, int, int ); printStandard are member functions.
Time is the constructor.
void printMilitary();

void printStandard();

};