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6.096 Introduction to C++
January (IAP) 2009
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Welcome to 6.096
Lecture 7
January 21, 2009
Constructors
�Objects
Ob jects need initialization to avoid the
assignment of junk values.
� Constructor: just a member function.
� Initializes global variables.
�Called whenever a new object of this class is
created.
Rules for making a constructor
� A constructor must have the same name as the class.
� No return type; not even void.
void.
� No return statement.
� Never call a constructor manually. The execution process
takes care of that.
�Never
N ever declare
declare a constructor
constructor as virtual
virtual or static,
static, const,
const,
volatile, or const volatile.
�References and pointers cannot be used on constructors
and destructors because their addresses cannot be taken.
Example
class Rectangle
{
int height;
int width;
public:
Rectangle(); // with a constructor
void printAns();
};
Rectangle::Rectangle() // constructor
{
height = 6;
width = 6;
}
Default constructors
�A default constructor is a constructor that either
has no parameters, or if it has parameters, all the
parameters have default values.
�No explicit constructor declaration => the
compiler assumes the class to have a default
constructor with
with no arguments.
Example
class iOffice
{
int a;
float b;
iOffice();
};
iOffice :: iOffice() //default constructor
{
a = 100;
b = 5.5;
}
class Xamol {
public:
// default constructor, no arguments
Xamol();
// constructor
Xamol(int, int , int = 0);
// copy constructor
Xomal(const X&);
};
class Yamol {
public:
// default constructor with one default argument
Yamol( int = 0);
// default argument copy constructor
Yamol(const Y&, int = 0);
};
Copy constructor
�Used to copy an object to a newly created
object.
� Different from assignment.
� If a copy constructor is not defined in a class,
the compiler itself defines one.
� Used:
Used:
� – When an object is created from another object of the
same type.
� – When an object is passed by value as a parameter to a
function.
� – When an object is returned from a function.
Example
class MIT
{
private:
char *name;
public:
MIT()
{
name = new char[20];
}
MIT(const MIT &b) //Copy constructor
{
name = new char[20];
strcpy(name, b.name);
}
};
Destructors
Used to deallocate memory and do other cleanup for a class
•
object and its class members when the object is destroyed
Called
C
• alled for
for a class
class object
object when
when that
that object
object passes out of
of scope
or is explicitly deleted.
A destructor is a member function with the same name as its
•
class prefixed by a ~ (tilde).
• Takes no arguments and has no return type.
• Its address cannot be taken.
• Cannot be declared const, volatile, const volatile or static.
• A destructor can be declared virtual or pure virtual.
Example
class Wheat
{
int spoon;
char fork;
public:
Wheat(int, char); // Constructor for class Wheat
~Wheat(); // Default destructor for class Wheat
};
Wheat:: Wheat(int x, char y)
{
spoon = x;
fork = y;
}
Wheat:: ~Wheat()
{}
Constructor
Destructor
MyClass *MyobjPtr = new MyClass (); delete MyobjPtr;
Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
The code for the actual construction or destruction of an
object is added on by the compiler and you do not see it
Inheritance
�New classes called derived classes are created from existing
classes called base classes
� When a class is inherited all the functions and data member are
inherited, although not all of them will be accessible by the
member functions of the derived class.
� Exceptions:
� – The constructor and destructor of a base class are not
inherited
� – the assignment operator is not inherited
� – the friend functions and friend classes of the base class
are also not inherited.
Access specifiers
� Private: If a member or variables defined in a class is private,
then they
then they are accessible
accessible by
by members
members of
of the
the same class
class only
only and
and
cannot be accessed from outside the class.
� Public members and variables are accessible from outside the
class.
�Protected access specifier is a stage between private and
public. If a member functions or variables defined in a class are
protected, then they cannot be accessed from outside the class
but can be accessed from the derived class.
Access public protected Private
members of the
yes yes yes
same class
members of
yes yes no
derived classes
not members yes no no
Implementing inheritance
� class <derived_classname> : <access specifier>
<base_classname>
<base_classname>
� {
� …
� };
� class Daughter
Daughter : p
public
ublic Mother
� {
....
};
class MIT void output()
{ {
public: MIT::output();
MIT() { x=0; } cout << s1 << '\n';
void func(int n1) { x = n1*5; } }
void output() { cout << x << '\n';
'\n'; }
private:
private: int s1;
int x; };
};
int main()
class IAP : public MIT {
{ IAP obj;
obj.func(10);
public:
p ublic:
obj.output();
obj.output();
IAP() { s1=0; } obj.func1(20);
obj.output();
void func1(int n1) }
{
s1=n1*10; 0 50
50 200
}
Multiple inheritance
� Inheriting from more than one class
A B C
Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
�Separate the different base classes with
commas in the derived class declaration
� class Daughter: public Mother, public Father;
