L2

FACULTY OF EDUCATION
EDU5810 EDUCATIONAL POLICY AND PLANNING
AP DR. RAMLI BIN BASRI
ROOM G28, TEL: office 03-8946 8248, H/P 019 224 1332 (sms prefered)
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E-MEL: ramlibasri@upm.edu.my
 Assignment 01a and 1b
EVALUATION 1a (5%): INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT– REVIEW OF A JURNAL ARTICLE ON EDUCATION
POLICY
You are required to search an empirical/conventional research journal articles relating to research
in education policy (last five years). Based on your understanding of the article prepare a 1.5 page
review based on the following sub-topics:

1.What is the objective of the study and its relevance to education policy? (2 marks)
2.Prepare a summary the literature review. (2 marks)
3.What is the research instrument and describe how data is collected. (2 marks)
4.What are the major findings of the study (2 marks).
5.What is the contribution of the study to education policy in theory or practice? (2 marks)

Please ensure your submission has a cover page (EDU 5810: E1- individual Assigment: Review Of A
Jurnal Articles On Education Policy; Tittle of Article; Name; matrix number; Name of Lecturer: Dr.
Ramli Basri); your review paper and a copy of the article. (Due in 3rWeek 7)

REMINDER upload your Jurnal to our course chat group for confirmation.
 EVALUATION 1b (5%): INDIVIDUAL/TEAM ASSIGNMENT– SHARING AN EDUCATION POLICY
You are required to FIND AND SHARE A SPECIFIC EDUCATION POLICY that is enforced in your
country or state or district. Explain the policy by using the guide below.

1.Short name of the policy and its objective? (2 marks)

2.Briefly explain the policy and why it is important? (2 marks)
3.Who is the policy targeted to? (2 marks)
4.Who are the implementers of this policy. (2 marks)
5.What is the impact of the policy, its problems and improvements (2 marks).

Please ensure your submission has a cover page (EDU 5810: E1- individual Assigment: SHARING AN
EDUCATION POLICY; Name of Policy; Name; matrix number; Name of Lecturer: Dr. Ramli Basri).
(Due in 3rWeek 7)

REMINDER upload a copy of the policy to our course chat group for sharing with other course
members.
 End of Part A
Part A
• discusses education in Malaysia as a starting context to
introduce the courses.
• It introduces Malaysia as a nation; From Malaya to Multiethnic
and Multicultural Malaysia, the historical context of education
in Malaysia, education before independent and education in
independent Malaya and Malaysia.
• This part discusses the education reforms and policy reform
throughout this period.
• Student would gain knowledge on the features of education
before and after independence of Malaysia and the factors
that drives these policy reforms.
 Part B
This second part discusses current state of education in
Malaysia
• It includes statistics for every level of education in
Malaysia
• Recent reforms and future policy/educational reforms.
• Student would gain insights on current and future
reform initiatives and the factors that drives or
causes those reforms
 Preamble to L02
• Lecture 02 will introduce public policy,
education policy and the stages of policy
planning.
• Students will be familiar with the definition of
public policy, education policy, the ecosystem
and the stages of policy planning and the
dynamics of its ecosystem.

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 CONTENTS

1. Introduction to Public Policy

2. Policy Process
3. National Education Policy (NEP): Basic
Policy and the National Education System
– Lecture 03
4. The Education Act 1996 – Lecture 03

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 1.
INTRODUCTION TO
PUBLIC POLICY

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 EDUCATIONAL POLICY AND PLANNING

DEFINITIONS
Policy- “ a plan of action, statement of ideals, etc proposed or
adopted by a government, political party, business, etc.”
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 1999, p.893

Policy – “... a policy establishes general parameters for the decision

maker, rather than specifically stating what should or should not be
done. Policy typically contains an ambiguous term that leaves
interpretation up to the decision maker.”
Eg. Education to eliminate poverty.

Robbins, SP., and Coulter, M., Management, Pearson 2009, p. 144.

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1
Policy making- “From the government’s
perspective, policy making is simply considered
to be ‘the process by which governments
translate their political vision into programmes
and actions to deliver “outcomes” – desired
changes in the real world.’
Eg. Education for Nation Building.
‘Modernising Government’ White Paper, 1999. Cited in Bates et al. Education Policy,
Practice and the Professional, Continuum, 2011, p.39.

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“Educational policy refers to the raft
of laws and initiatives that determine
the shape and functioning of
educational systems at both a
national and a local level.”
Bates et al, (Ibid, p.39).

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3
 DEFINITIONS
Plan – “an idea or a method that has been thought
about in detail in advance; an intention.”
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 1999, p. 881

Planning- “ A management function that involves

defining goals, establishing strategies for achieving
those goals, and developing plans to integrate and
coordinate activities.”

Robbins et all,Ibid, p. 576 4 RB/33

EDU5810
 EDUCATION
 A well grounded discipline
 A very comprehensive and complex subject
 “..does not happen in a vacuum : it is intimately linked
to economic, social and political events.”
Bates et al, Ibid, p.4.

 “Education is one generation’s contribution to those

that follow. It is a costly enterprise and should be
treated as an investment, not simply a payout.”
Kaufman et al, Educational Planning, P.3

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 EDUCATION

“…the level of education and skills of nations,

companies and individuals is considered a
crucial parameter of competition in the
present globalised market and knowledge
society.” (last week lecture on HCT)
IIIeris, K., Edited, Contemporary Theories of Learning, 2011. p.1

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 Assessment

National/ School/
Teaching & Government College/
Learning Aspiration University/
Institution

Finance & Adult

Budget /Extension
Educ. Policy Education

Good Scope/
Governance Teacher/
Environment Lecturer
Professionalism
Leadership
Development
Management
Development
Levels of Technology &
Curriculum
Education ICT
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 Product of Policy Making

Change

Innovate

Policy
Formulation
Reform

Status quo

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 What is Change?
 Change happens when something evolves
whether physically or characteristically into a new
form.
 We say water has changed when its colorless
nature becomes yellowish. Water has also
changed when its pleasant taste becomes sour.
 Likewise, change happens when a student
improves her/his academic performance.
 Eg. English medium to Malay medium.
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EDU5810 Mohd Majid Konting, UPM, 2011.
 What is Reformation?
 A planned change is called a reformation.
 The aim is to improve a situation or condition with
purposeful intervention.
 It involves five major domains; namely human,
location, economic, activity, and movement.
 Since its aim is to improve the overall situation,
mostly involving all five domains of change,
reformation has always been associated with radical,
holistic change.
 Eg. NKRA to PIPP 2013-2025.
Mohd Majid Konting, UPM, 2011.
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 Innovation
 Involves improvement from current status
 Eg. From chalk and talk to T&L to T& Faccilitating
 Eg. Face to face teaching to online teaching, hybrid

 InnovationInnovation?
Status Quo
?
 Maintaining current status
 Eg. Age of entry to primary education remains at 6+
years.

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 Parliament/
Cabinet
Politicians
Public
Officials Cabinet
Committees

Non- Major Players in

Governmental Policy Making
Influential
Organizations Process
Academics
& Civil Society

Professional Parents &

Organizations Practitioners Children

Adapted: Bates et al, Ibid, p.34.

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 Summary

Educational policy & planning is a continuous process

1. Political change
2. Population is increasing and Society is more complex
3. Public expectation
4. Simplifying complex systems
5. Scarcity of resources
6. Demand for good governance and best practices

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2a. POLICY PROCESS

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 ISSUES AND POLICY
 Policies enacted following an issue or challenge
that manifests in environment policy
 The scope of public policy is the community
and the environment within the territory and
sovereignty of a nation
 An issue or challenge exists when there is a
problem or situation or challenge in the
community/clients within the policy
environment.
 May have been in the from the past, present or
future. EDU5810 RB/33 23
 ISSUES

 Issues are problems, complaints,

criticisms, opposition, or challenges that
involves a large number of members of a
community or nation.
 Resolution of issues is beyond their means
 Issues that receives the attention of MPs,
ministers and PM will be the agenda of
policy actions.
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 Forum L2.1
Issues & Policies
Suggest an appropriate policy to address or
solve each issue.
1. Issue-Access to education: Policies???
2. Issue-Quality education:
Policies ???

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 Forum L2.1
Issues & Policies
Suggest an appropriate policy to each
issue.
1. Issue-Access to education: Policies-Provide
scholarships, build more boarding facilities,
schools, train more teachers (smart phone?)
2. Issue-Quality education: Policies-Improve
school infrastructure, upgrade teachers
qualification and training, select best
students as trainee teachers (on line tuition)
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 Forum L2.1
Issues & Policies
Suggest an appropriate policy to each
issue.
3. Issue-Equitable education:
Policy???
4. Drop out at primary level:
Policies ??? (India NPE journal)

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 Forum L2.1
Issues & Policies
Suggest an appropriate policy to each
issue.
3. Issue-Equitable education: Policy-Build more
schools, boarding facilities for pupils and
teachers in remote and interior areas with
standard facilities
4. Issue-Efficient service: Policies-Close under
enrolled schools, improve students
international achievement, increase return to
investment in education.
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 ISSUES AND POLICY
Issue will be assessed whether it can be
addressed by the following options :
1. using the existing policy (if any),
2. improvement of existing policies or
3. formulate new policies or
4. Do nothing, the issue is a problem that does
not require action, as it will go away.

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 Forum L2.2
Issues & Policies
Suggest an appropriate policy option to
address each issue.
1. Issue-Drop-out: Policy-???
2. Issue- Pupils without text books: Policies-???
3. Issue- Enhanced Control Movement Order:
Policy-???
4. Student who could not read at the end of
year one: Policy???

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 Forum L2.2
Issues & Policies
Read SPI Bil 1/2012:
This new policy addresses issue under which
category?
a) using the existing policy (if any),
b) improvement of existing policies or
c) formulate new policies or
d) Do nothing, the issue is a problem that does
not require action, as it will go away.

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 003b. Reading Material-
Professional Circular No 1/2012

• This circular states the education ministry policy on the

registration or entry of Malaysian Students in international
schools. Before 2006, the Ministry policy prohibits Malaysian
students entry to International schools. In 2006 the policy was
changed to allow limited number of Malaysian Students entry
to international schools subject to a quota of less than 50% of
students population. This policy change was made through
the Professional Circular No 3 year 2006. The Professional
Circular No 1/2012 repealed the Professional Circular No 3
year 2006, by allowing Malaysian students entry to
International Schools NOT subject to any quota.

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 POLICY
• Policies designed to address the ISSUE
• Each policy has established goals, objectives
and strategies
• To be successful, policies must be consistent
with other policies (whether policies on
education or on non education) and
• Policies should not conflict with other policies

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 DEFINITION OF PUBLIC POLICY
• Government's choice whether to do
something or not do something
• Government's choice to clarify, explain,
defend, lead or outline an action either
express or intended
• Something that is formulated to express or
describe the intent, purpose and goals of the
government
• ….

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 …DEFINITION OF PUBLIC
POLICY
• Value of the regulatory requirement
imposed by the authority on society
and environment / territory / colony
• Program for the values, practices and
objectives that have been projected

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 FORMATION OF PUBLIC
POLICY IN MALAYSIA
POLICY DECISION MAKER
• Rulers
• Parliament
• Cabinet
POLICY FOMULATOR
• Professional and Administrator
•…
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 …FORMATION OF PUBLIC
POLICY IN MALAYSIA
POLICY IMPLEMENTOR
• Professional and Administrator

POLICY TARGET
• People and the environment (Stakeholder
Group and at risk Group )

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What is your Policy role?
• Decision maker?
• Formulator?
• Implementer?
• Target?

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 POLICY CATEGORIES
• Constitution, Acts, Rules & Regulations
(Binding policies, provides penalties for
failure to observe)
• Policy
• Plans
• Program
• Project
• Scheme
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POLICY IMPLEMENTATION in the
form of:
• Laws • Activities
• Scheme
• Program
• Strategy
• Project
• SOP
• Plan • Intervention

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 POLICY COMMUNICATION
• Circular
• Handout (books, pamphlets.)
• Mechanism
• Guidelines (Pekeliling Perkhidmatan/ Service
Circulars; Pekeliling Professional/Professional
Circulars)
• Apps (School Attendance, MySejahtera,
Selangkah)
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2b. POLICY PROCESS

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 POLICY PROCESS
1. Identify problems, challenges
2. Structuring problems, challenges and
the issue, to set the policy objectives
3. Submit policy alternatives for the
approval
4. Policy Statement

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 POLICY PROCESS
5. Policy action plan: Programs, Activities,
Implementation Mechanism
6. Policy Outcome
7. Policy Evaluation: Continue @ Stop @
Improvements
8. Intervention Policy

(Baca Pekeliling Profesional Bil 14/2002)

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 POLICY FORMATION
Policy proposal should take into account
• Political Expediency- Political Support
• Financial Capability-Availability of funds
• Professional Capacity-Do teachers/
implementers have the professional skills
and commitment to implement?
• Administrative Operability-Do we have the
appropriate infrastructure/system to
implement?
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The Cikgu Fadli Episode

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 POLICY FORMATION
Policy proposal should take into account
the interest/stake of
• Policy Actors / Advocators
• Policy Stakeholders
• Policy Risk Groups

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 FORMATION OF EDUCATION
POLICY (MACRO)
Stages of Policy Proposal
• Department / Division Meetings
• MOE Meeting on Profesional Matters
(education)
• MOE Management Meeting
• Education Planning Committee Meeting
• Cabinet Meeting
• Bill
• Rulers Council
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 Forum L2.3: Stages of Policy
Proposal at your School
Stages of Policy Proposal (Micro/School Level)

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 GROUP PROJECT
• What are the current policy issue now?
• You could start thinking about a policy
proposal on such issue.

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 Non Graduate Teachers
BASIC ISSUES
• Dignity
• Low income
• Expenditure, rental
• Part-time job
• Quality of teaching
• Professionalism level

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 Non Graduate Teachers
Policy – Improve teachers prestige
• Graduate teachers
• Teachers' Housing
• Improved Scheme of Service for teachers
• Quality of teaching and Professionalism: SISC+

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 Supplementary reading
• Please read the compulsory primary schooling
at primary level: Pekeliling Profesional Bil
14/2002.

• Further reading: Read Education Acts, 1996

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Thank You…

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