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Epithelial Tissue

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Pham Thuy Linh, PhD; Pham Thi Thu Thuy, Ms

Faculty of Medicine

General Histology

EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Four types of tissue

Epithelial tissue Connective tissue

Muscle tissue Nervous tissue


Epithelial tissue

Target:

1. Present the definition, function of epithelial tissue.


2. Present the general properties of epithelial tissue.
3. State the principles of epithelial classification.
4. Describe the structural features of some types of epithelium.
5. Identify the image profiles that can be generated by the epithelium.
6. Explain the relationship between structure and function of various
kinds of epithelium in the body.
Epithelial Tissue

Definition
A tissue a group of cells have
is morphological
thatcharacters
specialized specific functions. similar to
Epithelium covers the outer surface of
perform
the body and lines the luminal surfaces of
cavities within the body.
Origin
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Epithelial tissue
functions
 Covering, barrier, protection
 Transport, secretion, absorption
 Sensory input
Epithelial characteristics
Epithelial cells are closely bound to one another

Under optical microscope


Epithelial characteristics
Epithelial cells are closely bound to one another

Electron microscope 2

Intracellular space 15-20nm 3

6
Epithelial characteristics
Size and shape of epithelial cells
Epithelial characteristics
Polarity of epithelia
 apical pole (domain) and basal pole (domain) polarity
 depends on epithelium boundary position
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
(non-keratinizing)

basement
membrane
connective
tissue


stratified epithelium polarity
Epithelial characteristics
Epithelia lack blood vessels (avascular tissues)
 epithelia are supplied by diffusion

 through the basement membrane

 from the underlying connective tissue


Epithelia rest on the basement
membrane

 layer of intercellular material


 is jointly manufactured by epithelium and underlying connective tissue

Functions
- attachment
- separation
- nutrition
Basement membrane
ultrastructure

Basal lamina
- lamina lucida
- lamina densa

Layer of reticular fibers


Basement membrane
ultrastructure
 Basal lamina:

Lamina lucida composition


- integrin receptors

Lamina densa composition


- proteins: laminin, type IV collagen
- glycoproteins
- proteoglycans
Basement membrane attachment to the underlyin
connective tissue

 layer of reticular fibers (type III collagen)


 anchoring fibrils (type VII collagen)


Membrane specializations of epithelia
Lateral surfaces

 Simple contacts
 Tight junctions (Zonula occludens)

Zonula adherens

Macula adherens (desmosomes)

Gap junctions (nexuses)
Tight junctions (z. occludens)

 close intercellular gaps (occluding junctions)


Desmosomes

 principal epithelial cell adhesive (adherent) junctions


Gap junctions (nexuses)

 provide cell to cell communications


Epithelial cell specializations on the apical surface

microvilli

 amplify the plasmalemma surface for transport

Striated epithelia (with brush border)


- intestine
- gallbladder
Luminal surfaces
Brush border consists of microvilli
on the epithelial cell apical surface
 amplifies plasma membrane surface for
- absorption
- membrane digestion

glycocalyx of microvilli
Epithelial cell specializations on the apical
surface - cilia

 cilia move mucous

Ciliated epithelium of
- air passages
- oviducts
Epithelial cell specializations on the basal
surface
 Hemidesmosome
s


 Plasma membrane
infoldings
 (basal striations)
Epithelium is classified according to:

A. Morphology:
Number of layers :
1- Simple Epithelium: made of one layer only.
2- Stratified Epithelium : made of more than one layer
Shape of the component cells:
1-Squamous = flat
2-Cuboidal = cube
3-Columnar = like columns
B. Function into :
1- Surface (covering or lining).
2- Glandular (secretion).
Epithelial tissue
localization

 Covering epithelia 
- cover or line body surface, body
cavities, and hollow organs

 Glandular epithelia 
- form glands
Number of layers :
Shape of the
component cells:
Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar
(a) Simple squamous epithelium

Description: Single layer of flattened


cells with disc-shaped central nuclei
and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest
of the epithelia.

Air sacs of
Function: Allows passage of lung
materials by diffusion and filtration tissue
in sites where protection is not
important; secretes lubricating Nuclei of
substances in serosae.
squamous
Location: Kidney glomeruli; air sacs epithelial
of lungs; lining of heart, blood cells
vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining
of ventral body cavity (serosae).

Photomicrograph: Simple squamous epithelium


forming part of the alveolar (air sac) walls (125x).
Simple Squamous Epethelial (kidney)
(b) Simple cuboidal epithelium

Description: Single layer of


cubelike cells with
large, spherical central
nuclei.
Simple
cuboidal

epithelial
ce
Function: Secretion and lls
absorption.

Basement
Location: Kidney tubules;
ducts and secretory portions membrane
of small glands; ovary surface.
Connective
tissue

Photomicrograph: Simple cuboidal


epithelium in kidney tubules (430x).
Simple cuboidal Epethelium (kidney tubules )
(c) Simple columnar epithelium
Description: Single layer of tall cells
with round to oval nuclei; some cells
bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-
secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells).

Simple

columnar
Function: Absorption; secretion of
mucus, enzymes, and other substances; epithelial
ciliated type propels mucus (or c
reproductive cells) by ciliary action. ell
Location: Nonciliated type lines most of
the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal),
gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some
glands; ciliated variety lines small
bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions Basement
of the uterus.
membrane

Photomicrograph: Simple columnar epithelium


of the stomach mucosa (860X).
Simple Columnar Epethelium
(digestive)
Simple Columnar Epethelium
(d) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Description: Single layer of cells of


differing heights, some not reaching
the free surface; nuclei seen at Cilia
different levels; may contain mucus- Mucus of
secreting cells and bear cilia. mucous
cell

Pseudo-
Function: Secretion, particularly of stratified
mucus; propulsion of mucus by
ciliary action. epithelial
Location: Nonciliated type in male’s laye
sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of r
large glands; ciliated variety lines
the trachea, most of the upper
respiratory tract.

Basement

Trachea Photomicrograph: Pseudostratified ciliated membrane


columnar epithelium lining the human trachea (570x).
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
(e) Stratified squamous epithelium
Description: Thick membrane
composed of several cell layers;
basal cells are cuboidal or columnar
and metabolically active; surface
cells are flattened (squamous); in the
keratinized type, the surface cells
are full of keratin and dead; basal
cells are active in mitosis and
produce the cells of the more
superficial layers.
Stratified

squamous

epithelium

Function: Protects underlying


tissues in areas subjected to abrasion. Nuclei
Location: Nonkeratinized type forms Basement
the moist linings of the esophagus, membrane
mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety
forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry Connective
membrane. tissue

Photomicrograph: Stratified squamous epithelium


lining the esophagus (285x).
Stratified Squamous Epithelium (non-
keratinizing)
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
(keratinizing)
(f) Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium (sweat glands)
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium (salivary glands)
(g) Stratified columnar epithelium
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
(h) Transitional epithelium
(f) Transitional epithelium
Description: Resembles both
stratified squamous and stratified
cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or
columnar; surface cells dome
shaped or squamouslike, depending
on degree of organ stretch.

Transitional

Function: Stretches readily and epithelium


permits distension of urinary organ
by contained urine.
Location: Lines the ureters,
Basement
urinary membrane
bladder, and part of the Connective
urethra. tissue
Photomicrograph: Transitional epithelium lining the urinary
bladder, relaxed state (360X); note the bulbous, or rounded,
appearance of the cells at the surface; these cells flatten and
become elongated when the bladder is filled with urine.
Transitional Epithelium
Types of Surface Epithelial
Tissues
1. Simple squamous epithelial tissue (lungs)
2. Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue (kidneys)
3. Simple columnar epithelial tissue (small intestine)
4. Pseudostratified (ciliated) columnar epithelial tissue
(trachea lining)
5. Stratified squamous epithelial tissue (mouth lining)
6. Stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue (salivary glands, sweat
glands)
7. Stratified columnar epithelial tissue (male reproductive
tract)
8 Transitional epithelial tissue (bladder)
a. The tissue may show a full bladder
b. The tissue may show an empty bladder
GLANDS
Typically glands are classified into:

1) Exocrine glands discharge their secretory product via a


duct onto an epithelial surface. Cells of which are
composed of highly specialized epithelial cells, the
internal structure of the cells reflecting the nature of the
secretory product and the mode of secretion.
Morphology: a) simple: single, unbranched duct.
b) compound: branched duct system.

2) Endocrine glands are ductless. Secrete their product


into the connective tissue where they enter the blood
stream to reach the target cells. The products of
endocrine glands are called hormone.
• Cells of exocrine glands exhibit different mechanism of secretion:

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