COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE AND

FORESTRY, NERI, HAMIRPUR

Submitted To : PAPAYA BREEDING Submitted by :

Dr. Vikas Kumar Dipti Datta
Sharma NH-2023-12-M
 PAPAYA
 Papaya (Carica papaya) is a fruit crop that is grown both
commercially as well as in the kitchen garden of many
households of India.
 Papaya fruit is used to make refreshing drinks, jam, jelly and
candies.
 It is rich in a number of nutrients and antioxidants and has a
high medicinal value.
 Papain is extract from green fruits which has industrial value.
 TAXONOMY
Kingdom Plantae

Division Magnoliophyta

Class Magnoliopsida

Order Violales

Family Caricaceae

Genus Carica

Species Carica papaya L.

 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
• Papaya is native to Tropical America.
• It was introduced to India in the early part of 16th century from
Philippines through Malaysia.
• It was widely spread in different parts of the country particularly tropical
and sub-tropical zones.
• India is the largest producer of Papaya in the world.
• Presently, Papaya is one of the most important fruit crops of Hawaii,
Malaysia, Burma, Sri Lanka, India, South Africa, Kenya and other
tropical and subtropical countries of the world.
• In India, it is widely cultivated in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka,
Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh.
 GERMPLASM RESOURCES
The Caricaceae family has 6 genera
i. Carica.
ii. Jacaratia.
iii. Jarilla
iv. Cyclicomorpha.
v. Vasconcellea.
vi. Horovitzia
Species having edible fruits are found only in Genus Carica.
 C. papaya
C. chilensis
C. goudotiana
C. monoica
C. pubescens
Universally, the fruit of C. papaya L. is eaten fresh.
• Vasconcellea contain 21 species, which are considered as the wild relatives of
papaya.

• Their diversity is common in South America.

• Variations with respect to plant stature, sex types, fruit shape and size, seed
content are observed in papaya.

• Presently, germplasm is being maintained at TNAU, Coimbatore, IIHR,

Bangalore, IARI Regional Station, Pusa, Bihar, Central Horticultural
Experiment Station(CHES), Ranchi, CHES, Bhubaneshwar and CISH,
Lucknow for further characterization and evaluation.
•Among Carica spp., following species have been utilized in breeding programme
to induce resistance to virus, diseases and frost.
C. cauliflora : resistant to virus
C. candamarcensis and C. pentagona : resistant to frost.
C. candamarcensis, C. monoica , C. microcarpa , C. parviflora , C. goudotiana :
susceptible to virus.
 CYTOGENETICS
 In 1921 Heilborn reported 2n=18 chromosome for Carica chrysopetala, C.
pentandria, C. candamarcensis and C. papaya and same number was found
for C. quercifolia by Storey (1941).
 Zerpa(1959) also observed 2n=18 chromosomes in C. monoica, C.
goudotiana, C. cauliflora and C. microcarpa.
 Hence, the chromosome number for all the cultivated varieties of papaya
and species of Carica is 2n=18.
 SEX FORMS
Except for three species of Carica, all members of Caricaceae family are
dioecious.

The three exceptions are –

 C. monoica

 C. pubescens

 C. papaya.

C. monoica is strictly monoecious but at certain times of the year may lack
pistillate flowers.

C. pubescens exist in three basic sex forms; pistillate, staminate and
hermaphrodite.
Pistillate and Staminate plants are unresponsive to seasonal climatic changes.

Hermaphrodite plants are sexually ambivalent, producing staminate, perfect

and pistillate flowers in varying proportion at different times of the year.
•C. papaya – three basic sex forms.
- Pistillate plant is stable
-Staminate and hermaphrodite plants may be - not stable.
•Storey (1958) classified papaya flowers into 8 broad categories viz.
 Staminate – typical flower of male tree.
Tetralogical staminate – staminate flowers in which there is some
degree of carpel initiation and development.
Reduced elongata – staminate flower occurs on hermaphrodite trees,
it fails to develop functional pistil under certain environmental
conditions.
Elongata – typical hermaphrodite flower , wherein the petals are
fused together to form a tube. It possesses functional elongate pistil.
Carpelloid elongata – tetralogical forms of elongate flower .
Stamens of inner series become carpelloid to some degree.
Pentandria – normal hermaphroditic type
Carpelloid pentandria – tetralogical forms wherein stamens of
pentandria flower become carpelloid.
Pistillate – typical flower of female tree. It has large functional
pistil but lacks stamens.
A: male flowers; B – male flowers in longitudinal section; C – female
flower in longitudinal section; D – hermaphrodite flower of pentandria; E
– hermaphrodite flower of elongata type; F – hermaphrodite flower with
carpelloid stamens (Purseglove, 1968)
 FLORAL BIOLOGY
 Flowers are mainly of 3 types: male, female and hermaphrodite usually borne in
the leaf axils on separate trees.
 Male flowers are borne in panicles, sessile calyx small 5, generally cup shaped,
corolla pale yellow , 2-2.5 cm long trumpet shaped, anthers oblong, pistilloide
also present.
 Female flowers generally appears singly or in few flowered cymes, in the axils of
leaves, larger than males, calyx cup shaped yellow green in color, corolla 5 yellow,
almost free , united at base lanceolate in shape. Stigma 5 , fan shaped sessile,
ovary ovoid – oblong.
 Hermaphrodite flowers are of 2 types i.e. elongata and pentandria type.
 Elongata- Flowers are in clusters with short peduncles , petals partially
united ,stamens 10 , ovary elongate.
 Pentandria- flowers are similar to female flowers, but has 5 stamens.
  Anthesis takes place between 6:00 to 11:00 a.m .
 Dehiscence of anthers begins about 6 hours ahead of anthesis.
 The pollen grain in papaya remains viable 2-3 days before to 2 days after
anthesis with maximum on the same day of anthesis.
 The stigma becomes receptive 2 days before anthesis and continues to be
receptive 2 days after anthesis.
 Stigma receptivity is maximum on the day of anthesis.
For breeding purpose, terminal flowers are selected and tagged.

Usually for crossing the hermaphrodite flowers are emasculated a day before anthesis and bagged.

In true dioecious forms of papaya, emasculation is not required as pistillate flowers are devoid of

functional anthers.

However, bagging of female flowers a day before their anthesis as well as pollination is needed to

protect them from contamination.

The bagged flowers are pollinated in the next morning with freshly collected or stored pollens and

bagged again.

*When female trees are pollinated with pollens obtained from the bisexual trees, they set maximum

numbers of fruits.
Genetics of Sex
Sex inheritance is controlled by 3 genes

• M1 = dominant factor for maleness

• M2 = dominant factor for hermaphroditism.

• m = recessive factor for femaleness.

Genetic constitution

• M1m – gives male plants.

• M2m – gives hermaphrodite plants.

• mm – gives female plants.

Inheritance pattern

Yellow flower colour is dominant to white

Purple stem colour is dominant to red

Yellow flesh colour is dominant to red

Dwarfness in height is recessive to normal tall stature

Diminutive plant (short slender trunk, small leaves) is recessive to large plant

Grey seed-coat colour is dominant to black seed-coat colour.

Objectives of breeding for papaya are:
 Resistance to virus infection would indeed be the first priority in breeding.

 To develop dwarf statured and early bearing varieties.

 To evolve varieties with high yield and good quality fruits.

 To develop varieties with low cavity index and more pulp thickness.

 To breed varieties having good keeping quality and suitable for export.

 Breeding for high latex yield for papain with high proteolytic enzyme activity .

 To breed for resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses ( virus, frost, water logging etc).
BREEDING METHODS AND
ACHIEVEMENTS
INTRODUCTION
Variety Introduction

Sunrise, Wilder sunset, California , Kapohosolo Introduce from USA.

Malinchly , Mary Ank LG Introduce from Nigeria

SELECTION
Varieties Breeding method Specific features
TNAU Varieties
CO-1 Selection from Ranchi type
CO-2 Selection from Local type Suitable for papain extraction

CO-5 Inbred selection from Washington Suitable for papain extraction

CO-6 Inbred selection from Giant Both table and latex – papain .
IIHR Varieties
Coorg Honey Dew Selection from Honey Dew Gynodioecious
IARI Varieties
Pusa Giant Selection from Ranchi Dioceious, suitable for canning,
tolerant to strong wind
Pusa Dwarf Selection from Ranchi Dioecious
Pusa Delicious Selection from Ranchi Gynodioecious
Pusa Majesty Selection from Ranchi Gynodioecious,tolerant to virus
PAU Varieties
Punjab Sweet selection Frost tolerant and dioecious in
nature.
HYBRIDIZATION
IMPORTANT HYBRIDS DEVELOPED IN INDIA
Varieties Parents Specific features

TNAU Varieties
CO-3 CO 2 x Sunrise Solo A tall vigorous plant, fruits
medium size
CO-4 CO 1 x Washington plant medium tall, fruits
large good keeping quality.
CO-7 Coorg Honey Dew x CP 85
High yielding red fleshed,
uniform fruit shape,
gynodioecious with good
edible character.
IIHR Varieties
Arka Surya Sunrise Solo x Pink Flesh Sweet Gynodioecious
IIHR -54 Waimanalo x Pink Flesh Sweet
Mutation Breeding
 Mutation breeding helps in creating more variability.
 In Papaya, one mutant Pusa Nanha has been developed at Pusa by using gamma
irradiation.
 This approach can also be used for developing varieties with dwarf habit in case of
gynodioecious varieties as it does not bring about too many changes in other characters.
POLYPLOIDY

 Hofmeyer (1945) reported on polyploidy in papaya. They found that the quality of tetraploid fruit

was better than the diploid and it was also compact with small seed cavity. But tetraploids were less

fertile than diploid as indicated by comparative seed count.

 However, according to Singh (1955) there was complete sterility in both female and male tetraploids

and expressed doubt about their commercial utilization.

 Further, Zerpa (1957) reported that colchicine induced tetraploid hermaphrodite plants, which

were used as male parent in a cross with a female diploid produced a few seeds without endosperm,

by embryo culture, two triploid plants were obtained which turned out to be hermaphrodite.
BIOTECHNOLOGY
In-vitro propagation and genetic engineering technique can serve as a potential

tool to overcome major constraints in Carica papaya.

Embryo culture

 In papaya, incompatibility is mainly due to the failure of endosperm

formation.

 The hybrid embryo resulting from interspecific cross of C. papaya and C.

cauliflora has been successfully rescued on White’s medium in 30 days by

Yung (1986).
Transgenic papaya

 Transgenic papaya has been developed against Papaya Ring Spot Virus
(PRSV) using coat protein mediated resistance in University of Hawaii.

 Two transgenic lines Sun UP from Sun Set Solo and UH Rainbow from
Kapoho were developed which have shown excellent resistance to PRSV.

 Sun UP, which is homozygous for CP (Coat Protein gene), was resistant to
most isolate of PRSV, from other geographical locations except Taiwan’s YK
isolate of PRSV.

 Rainbow was found susceptible to PRSV isolates from outside Hawaii but
was resistant to the severe strain of Hawaiian PRSV (HA isolates)
FUTURE THRUST
 Exploration, conservation and characterization of genetic
variability.
 Development of stable gynodioecious genotypes for fruit and
papain production.
 Production of genetically pure seeds by controlled pollination.
 Development of dwarf gynodioecious lines, and
 Breeding varieties resistant to “ Ring Spot Virus” .
THANK YOU