Internal Combustion Engines

ME411a

Lecture # 1: Fundamentals

Dr. Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas

 Assistant Professor

Dr. Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas

B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering – 2012, UET Lahore, Pakistan.
M.Sc. Mechanical Engineering – 2015, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT),
Germany.
Specialization: Energy Technology and Renewable Energy
P.hD Mechanical Engineering – 2021, University of
Malaya, Malaysia.
Title: Biodiesel Production, Optimization and Diesel

Engine Testing, Tribology and Biofuels

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Lecture plan
 Lecture
• Tuesday 08:00 am – 10:00 am
• Tuesday 10:00 am – 12:00 pm
• 1-2 quiz
• Will be announced at least a week ago
 1-2 PBL sessions
• Will be announces at least a week ago
 CEP will be given before mid-term exams
 Questions and constructive criticism are always welcome
• No trouble making
• Email: m.mujtaba@uet.edu.pk
• WhatsApp/call : 0313-4086827
• Office: see office hours

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Lecture contents

1. Principle of ICEs: What and Why

2. A brief history of ICEs
3. Engine classifications
4. 2-stroke vs. 4-stroke engines
5. Gasoline and diesel engines

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Literature

1. Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine by W. Pulkrabek

2. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals by J.B. Heywood
3. Internal Combustion Engines by C.R. Ferguson and A.T. Kirkpatrick
4. Introduction to 1.C. Engines by Richard Stone
5. Internal Combustion Engines and Air pollution by Edward F. Obert

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Principle of ICEs: What and Why

Primary energy sources

Combustion
 Chemical energy (fossil fuels)
engines
 Solar energy
 Hydro energy Stored fusion energy of the sun
 Wind energy
 Wave energy ______________
 Geothermal energy
 Nuclear energy

Main objective of energy techniques

Combustion engines
 Conversion of primary energy
Chemical resources
energy of fuel into another, more useful form of energy
 Most useful output forms: Electrical and Mechanical energy
 Secondary outputs: heat, chemicals
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Principle of ICEs: What and Why

Basic classification of combustion engines

 External combustion engines (Fuel/air mixture is not the working fluid)

• Reciprocating: Sterling engine, steam engine
• Rotary: steam turbines
 Internal combustion engines (Fuel/air mixture is the working fluid)
• Reciprocationg: Conventionally known as ICEs
• Rotary: Gas turbines (not covered in this course)

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Principle of ICEs: What and Why
 The internal combustion engine is a reciprocating heat engine that converts
chemical energy in a fuel optimally into mechanical energy.

Power

Fuel Heat

Air
Exhaust

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Principle of ICEs: What and Why

Advantages
 Operated with liquid fuels with HIGH energy density (>40 MJ/kg)
 Good efficiency, up to 40 %
 Very large power range (0.1 kW to 70 MW)
 Mature knowledge and expertise

Application
 Road transport
 Trains, ships
 Power production Typically with diesel
 Agriculture & construction

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Principle of ICEs: What and Why

Problems
 Exhaust emmissions: HCs, CO, NOx, SOx, soot, lead, green house gases (CO2)
 Noise pollution
 No energy cash-back

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A brief history of ICEs
 1673 Christian Huygens: the powder machine
 1775 James Watt: Steam engine
 1860 Jeans Lenoir: Lenoir gas engine
 1867 Nikolaus August Otto: Atmospheric gas machine
 1868 Nikolaus August Otto: Fundamental development of 4-stroke engine
 1879 Karl Benz: 2-stroke engine based on Otto’s concept
 1885 R. Stirling: development of stirling engine
 1897 Rudolf Diesel: first diesel engine concept with charging and autoignition
 1954 F. Wankel: Wankel engine with rotary piston
 1955 Gasoline direct injection in Mercedez-Benz SL 300
 1950s Acute smog problem in big cities
 1961 Crank-case ventilation reduced the UHCs
 1966 Emission regulations in California
 1967 Electronic injection

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A brief history of ICEs
 1973 Oil crisis due to OPEC embargo
 1972 General Motors developed catalytic convertor
 1975 Lead free fuel became widely available
 1979 Oil crisis after Iranian revolution
 1990 Oxidation catalyst for diesel engines
 1997 First gasoline/electric hybrid car (Toyota Prius)
 2000 Diesel particle filters

 Till now Efficiency improvement and emission reduction by understanding the

fundamental science behind fuel/spray evaporation, mixing, and combustion.

 Modern research is more focused on DISI

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Engine classifications

ICE can be classified in number of ways

 Application
 Basic engine design & configuration
 Combustion chamber design
 Working cycle
 Method of ignition
 Valve/port design and location
 Air intake method
 Method of mixture preparation
 Fuel used
 Method of load control
 Method of cooling

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Engine classifications

Application
 Automobile, Truck, Bus.
 Locomotive.
 Stationary.
 Marine.
 Aircraft.
 Small Portable, Chain Saw, Model Airplane.

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Engine classifications

Basic engine design

 Reciprocating
• Inline
• V
• W
• Radial
• Opposed piston
 Rotary
• Wankel
• Other geometries (not very common and successful)

Conflict:
 Wankel is closer to reciprocating engines because of a piston and intermittent 4-
stroke operation.

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Engine classifications

combustion chamber design

 Open chamber
 Divided chamber

Working cycle
 Four-stroke
 Two-stroke

Method of ignition
 Spark ignition (SI)
 Compression ignition (CI)

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Engine classifications

Valve/port design and location

 Overhead (I-head)
 Underhead (L-head)
 Rotary
 Cross-scavenged ports
 Loop-scavenged ports

Air intake method

 Naturally aspirated
 Supercharged
 Turbocharged
 Crankcase compressed

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Engine classifications:

Method of mixture preparation

 Carburetion
 Port fuel injection (in intake manifold)
 Multipoint fuel injection
 Direct injection

Fuel used
 Gasoline
 Diesel/fuel oil
 Natural gas
 LPG
 Alcohols/ alcohol blends
 Dual fuel

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Engine classifications:

Method of load control

 Throttling of fuel/air mixture (quantitative)
 Control of fuel flow (qualitative)
 A combination of these

Method of cooling
 Air cooled
 Water cooled
 Uncooled

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Engine geometry
 Vc = clearance volume
 Vd = displacement volume
also called swept volume
TDC
 Vt = total volume
= V c + Vd

BDC

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4-stroke vs. 2-stroke

4-stroke cycle
 A cycle is completed in 4 strokes of piston or 2 revolutions of the crank shaft
• Intake stroke
• Compression stroke
• Expansion/power stroke
• Exhaust stroke
 Gas exchange is
controlled by intake
and exhaust valves

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4-stroke vs. 2-stroke

2-stroke cycle
 A cycle is completed in 2 strokes of piston or 1 revolutions of the crank shaft
• Compression stroke
• Expansion/power stroke
 Gas exchange is
achieved by intake
and exhaust port
 Intake is completed
during the compression
stroke
 Exhaust is completed
during the expansion
stroke

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Spark ignition engine (SI)
 Also called otto engine
 Governed by otto cycle (constant volume cycle)
 Homogeneous mixture preparation
 Load is quantitatively controlled (throttling)
• The equivalence ratio remains same

Source: wikipedia

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Compression ignition engine
 Also called diesel engine
 Governed by diesel cycle (constant pressure cycle)
 Inhomogeneous mixture preparation
 Load is qualitatively controlled
• Equivalence ratio is changed

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 Engine components

Valve cover Rocker arm

Valve spring
Valve Push rod

Piston Piston pin

Valve tappet
Connecting rod
Camshaft
Engine block Connecting rod
Main journal
Connecting rod cap
Oil sump
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End of lecture 1

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Questions

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Basic engine design

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Valve configuration

L Head engine I Head engine F Head engine T Head engine

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