CH-1
Introduction
Internal Combustion Engine, ICE is a heat engine which converts the heat
energy to mechanical work.
Internal Combustion Engine needs fuel, ignition and compression in order to
run.
Types of Engines
Four-Stroke Gasoline Engines,
Two-Stroke Gasoline Engines,
Diesel Engines,
Rotary Engines,
Steam Engine
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Advantages of ICE. over ECE.
ICE: Internal Combustion Engines
ECE: External Combustion Engines
1- More mechanical simplicity and lower weight/ power ratio.
2- They do not need auxiliary equipment, such as boiler & condenser.
3- They could be started and stopped in a short time.
4- Their thermal efficiency is higher than other heat engines.
5- Their initial cost is low.
These advantages make I.C.E. more suitable in the transport sector; motor cars,
small ships, submarines, and small aircrafts.
Classification
1- According to type of fuel used.
- Petrol engine,
- Diesel engine,
- Gas engine,
- Bi-fuel engine: Bi-fuel vehicles or otherwise known as dual fuel are
vehicles with multi-fuel engines capable of running on two fuels.
2- According to method of ignition
- Spark ignition, (SI)
Combustion initiated by spark
Air and fuel can be added together
Light and lower in cost, used in automobiles
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- Compression ignition, (CI)
Combustion initiated by auto ignition
Requires fuel injection to control ignition
Large power, heavy trucks, locomotives, ships.
3- According to number of strokes per cycle.
- 4 – Stroke engines.
- 2 – Stroke engines.
4- According to the cycle of combustion
- Otto cycle.
- Diesel cycle.
- Duel combustion. The dual combustion cycle, like the ideal diesel cycle is
a mathematical model, but comes closer to what actually happens in the
cylinder of a diesel engine.
5- According to the number of cylinders
- Single cylinder.
- Multi cylinder.
6- According to method of cooling
- Air cooled engine
- Water cooled engine.
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7- According to the arrangement of cylinders
- Vertical engine
- Horizontal
- Inline engine
- Radial engine
- V- engine.
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Engine Parts
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Internal Combustion Engines Terminology
1. Cylinder bore (B): The nominal inner diameter of the working cylinder.
2. Piston area (A): the area of a circle diameter equal to the cylinder bore.
3. Top Dead Center (T.D.C.): the extreme position of the piston at the top of
the cylinder. In the case of the horizontal engines this is known as the outer
dead center (O.D.C.).
4. Bottom Dead Center (BDC): The position of the piston when it forms the
largest volume in the cylinder.
5. Stroke (S): The largest distance that piston travels in one direction.
6. Clearance Volume: The minimum volume formed in the cylinder when the
piston is at TDC.
7. Displacement Volume: The volume displaced by the piston as it moves
between the TDC and BDC.
8. Compression Ratio: The ratio of maximum to minimum (clearance)
volumes in the cylinder.
Notice that the compression ratio is a volume ratio and should not be confused
with the pressure ratio.
9. Mean Effective Pressure (MEP). It is a fictitious pressure that, if it acted on
the piston during the entire power stroke, would produce the same amount of
net work as that produced during the actual cycle
Wnet = MEP x Piston area x Stroke = MEP x Displacement volume
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Two Stroke Engine
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