PRESENTATION ON CHEMICAL
REACTION IN CEMENT
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
BY
OHIZE ABIBAT AOIZA
REG NO U17CH1030
DANGOTE CEMENT PLC IBESE
OGUN STATE
NIGERIA
• Cement is the binding agent of concrete.
• Something that serves to bind or unite.
• A building material made by grinding limestone and
clay to a fine powder, which can be mixed with
water and poured to set as a solid mass or used as
an ingredient in making mortar or concrete.
Manufacture of Portland cement
Raw material: Calcareous,
Siliceous and Argillaceous
Grinding and mixing in kiln at about 1500C
Fusion into balls known as Clinker
Cooling and grinding of Clinker with addition of Gypsum
Result is Commercial Portland cement
Percent
Chemical Chemical Shorthand
by
Name Formula Notation
Weight
Tricalcium 3CaO×SiO
C3S 50
Silicate 2
Dicalcium 2CaO×SiO
C2S 25
Silicate 2
Tricalcium 3CaO×Al2
C3A 12
Aluminate O3
Tetracalcium 4CaO×Al2
C4AF 8
Aluminoferrite O3×Fe2O3
CaSO4×H2
Gypsum CSH2 3.5
O
http://python.rice.edu/~arb/Courses/360_04_cement.pdf
Calcium oxide (CaO), commonly known as
quicklime or burnt lime is a widely used chemical
compound.
Calcium oxide is usually made by the thermal
decomposition of materials such as limestone
that contains calcium carbonate in a kiln. This is
accomplished by heating the material to above
825 °C.
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
Addition of water will lead to the transformation
of quicklime into slaked lime also called calcium
hydroxide or portlandite.
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
Result is a paste, called lime putty. In contact
with the atmosphere, lime putty will react
following the carbonation reaction.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O↑
Raw materials: lime, silica, alumina and iron oxide
Inter-reaction in kiln leads to more complex compounds
Major compounds: C3S, C2S, C3A and C4AF
Minor compounds: MgO, TiO2, Mn2O3, K2O and Na2O
TYPES AND USES OF
CEMENT
Types Salient features Use
I (OPC) Rate of strength General purpose cement
development and heat
evolution are medium
II (Sulphate resisting C3A and C3S contents are Aids in providing
cement) comparatively lower than moderate resistance to
OPC sulphate attack and
moderately low heat
generation
III (Rapid hardening Higher C3S content and When formwork is to be
Cement) higher fineness removed early
IV (Low heat C3S and C3A contents are For large masses
Portland cement) further lowered
V (Sulphate resisting C3A content is reduced For extensive exposure
cement) to sulphates
High Alumina Cement
It develops 80% ultimate strength at 24 hours.
High alumina cement is made from calcarious rock and bauxite (abundant in
Aluminium)
High alumina cement is used in cold weather and under seawater applications.
White Cement
For architectural purposes
The grey color of cement is due to the presence of iron. White cement has a very
minimal iron content and is exposed to gas or oil fuel heating instead of coal.
Colored Cement
For architectural purposes
Expansive Cement
Against shrinkage cracks
Low Alkali Cement
Against deleterious aggregates
When Portland cement is mixed with water
its chemical compound constituents
undergo a series of chemical reactions that
cause it to harden (or set). Dry cement
This chemical reaction with water is called
"hydration". Each one of these reactions
occurs at a different time and rate.
Together, the results of these reactions
determine how Portland cement hardens
and gains strength. Water
• Tricalcium silicate (C3S). Hydrates and hardens rapidly and is largely
responsible for initial set and early strength. Portland cements with higher
percentages of C3S will exhibit higher early strength.
• Dicalcium silicate (C2S). Hydrates and hardens slowly and is largely
responsible for strength increases beyond one week.
• Tricalcium aluminate (C3A). Hydrates and hardens the quickest. Liberates
a large amount of heat almost immediately and contributes somewhat to
early strength. Gypsum is added to portland cement to retard C3A
hydration. Without gypsum, C3A hydration would cause portland cement to
set almost immediately after adding water.
• Tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF). Hydrates rapidly but contributes very
little to strength. Its use allows lower kiln temperatures in portland cement
manufacturing. Most portland cement color effects are due to C4AF.
Strength
Strength reflects the ability of a material to withstand external
force. Cement is weak in tension and much stronger in
compression. Normally, three types of strength are studied
Fineness
Fineness, or particle size of portland cement affects hydration
rate and thus the rate of strength gain.
The smaller the particle size, the greater the surface area-to-
volume ratio, and thus, the more area available for water-cement
interaction per unit volume.
Soundness
During setting and hardening, the cement undergoes changes in
volume. If this change is considerable, the cement is unsound.
An unsound cement results in cracking and disintegrating of
concrete.
Portland cement, the chief ingredient in cement paste, is the
most widely used building material in the world.
In the presence of water, the chemical compounds within
portland cement hydrate causing hardening and strength
gain.
Portland cement can be specified based on its chemical
composition and other various physical characteristics that
affect its behavior.
ASTM specifies eight basic types of portland cement
concrete. Tests to characterize portland cement, such as
fineness, soundness, setting time and strength are useful in
quality control.
